Mlingo wa dissociation wa electrolytes ofooka ndi amphamvu

Mawu akuti "dissociation" mu Chemistry ndi sayansi ya kuvunda ndi ndondomeko mankhwala mu ayoni ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Dissociation - ndi chodabwitsa lina la Mgwirizano kapena recombination, ndipo kusintha. Kachulukidwe chiwerengero cha dissociation ndi imagwiridwa ndi mtengo monga mlingo wa dissociation. Iwo ali kalata lakuti α ndipo amadziwika ndi dissociation anachita yunifomu machitidwe (homogeneous) monga aone kuti pali kuti: CA ↔ R + A boma la mgwirizano. SC - ndi tinthu nkhani yoyambira, K ndi A - ndi particles abwino amene anathyola chifukwa cha dissociation zakuthupi zikuluzikulu particulate. Kumene ndizoonekeratu kuti dongosolo adzakhala dissociated ndi undissociated particles. Ngati tingayerekezere kuti mamolekyulu N ndisungunuka osati ndisungunuka N mamolekyulu, mfundo izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchuluka kwa dissociation, amene masamu monga kuchuluka ndi: α = N • 100 / N kapena wagawo tuzigawo twa: α = N / N.

Kutanthauza mlingo wa dissociation ndi chiŵerengero cha particles dissociated (mamolekyulu) dongosolo homogeneous (njira) kuchuluka koyamba particles (mamolekyulu) mu dongosolo (njira). Ngati amadziwika kuti α = 5%, zikutanthauza kuti kokha 5 mwa 100 mamolekyulu kwa tinthu koyamba ali mu mawonekedwe a ayoni, ndi otsala 95 mamolekyulu musati kuwola ndinso. Pakuti aliyense α mankhwala atero, izo zimatengera mankhwala chikhalidwe cha molekyulu, komanso pa kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'dziko homogeneous (njira), i.e. pa ndende yake. electrolytes amphamvu, monga zidulo ena, zapansi ndi mchere mu njira kwathunthu dissociate mu ayoni, pachifukwa ichi si oyenera kuphunzira dissociation ndondomeko. Choncho, phunziro la ntchito electrolytes ofooka, mamolekyulu ndi dissociate mu ayoni mu njira si kwathunthu.

Pakuti zochita kusintha dissociation dissociation zonse (Kd), amene amadziwika boma la mgwirizano, anatsimikiza mfundo: Kd = [K] [A] / [CA]. Kodi mlingo wa dissociation zonse ndipo cholukanalukana, n'zotheka kuganizira chitsanzo cha electrolyte ofooka. Zochokera m'chilamulo cha dilution anamanga onse mfundo zomveka: Kd = m'ma • α2, kumene m'ma - ndende za njira (mu nkhani iyi ndi = [SC]). Amadziwika kuti mu njira buku V 1 mol dm3 kusungunuka mankhwala. Mu boma koyamba ndende ya kuyambira mamolekyulu zinthu zimene tingasonyezere ndi: c = [SC] = 1 / V mol / dm3, ndi ndende ion adzakhala: [R] = [A] = 0 / V mol / dm3. Pa kukwanilitsa mgwirizano wa makhalidwe awo kusintha: [SC] = (1 - α) / V mol / dm3 ndi [K] = [A] = α / V mol / dm3, pamene Kd = (α / V • α / V) / (1 - α) / V = α2 / (1 - α) • V. Nkhani ya electrolytes dissociating wamng'ono, dissociation digiri (α) amene ali pafupi ndi ziro, ndi buku la njira zimene tingasonyezere mawu a kudziwika ndende: V = 1 / [sv] = 1 / s. Kenako aone kuti pali akhoza kusandulika: Kd = α2 / (1 - α) • V = α2 / (1 - 0) • (1 / s) = α2 • m, ndipo yopezera muzu lalikulu la kachigawo Kd / s, n'zotheka kudziwa mlingo wa dissociation wa α. Lamulo limeneli ndi lofunika ngati α n'chochepa kwambiri kusiyana 1.

Pakuti electrolytes amphamvu ali oyenera kwambiri akuti ndi digiri mwina dissociation. Umapezeka ngati chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka mwina tinthu dissociated kuti weniweni kapena tanthauzo la chilinganizo isotonic koyefishienti (zotchedwa van't Hoff chinthu, ndipo ikusonyeza khalidwe woona ndi zinthu mu njira): α = (i - 1) / (n - 1). Pano ine - Van't Hoff chinthu, ndi N - kuchuluka kwa ayoni umatulutsa. Pakuti njira, tinthu kwathunthu ndisungunuka mu ayoni, α ≈ 1, ndi kucheperachepera magawanidwe a α kunadetsa amamuchititsa 1. Zonse izi zalongosoledwa ndi chiphunzitso cha electrolytes amphamvu, amene amanena kuti kayendedwe ka cations ndi anions akusokoneza amphamvu electrolyte mamolekyulu zovuta zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, ayoni amacheza ndi tinthu wa zosungunulira kumalo ozizira, ndi mogwirizana electrostatic amatchedwa solvation. Chachiwiri, oppositely mlandu cations ndi anions mu njira, chifukwa zochita za mwagwirizana kukopa anzake mphamvu mtundu kapena ion awiriawiri. Associates zinthu mamolekyulu monga undissociated.