Dongosolo la nthawi Buku yaitali. M'munsi nthawi

Kwa pafupifupi mbiri lonse la anthu a sayansi otchuka ndi nzeru ena ayesa kupanga lingaliro la nthawi. Komabe, anakhalabe chodabwitsa ndi sanamvetse mpaka kumapeto. Ndipo anthu, osati kumvetsa mmene ake, waphunzira osachepera kuyeza izo. Kodi kuwerengetsa, kumene lozani wochititsidwa ndi ndondomeko yotani? Tiyeni tiphunzire zambiri za izo.

Kodi nthawi

Tisanafotokoze kuthana ndi gawo la temporality, m'pofunika kuti atsitsimuke nzeru zawo za mfundo imeneyi. Nthawi muyeso wa nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu zonse ndi anthu onse m'chilengedwe kuchokera pamene maonekedwe awo patsogolo mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipotu mfundo imeneyi ndi mtundu wa chikhomo kudziwa zinthu.

Mu sayansi chakale, pali mfundo monga "olamulira nthawi". Mu izo, zodabwitsazi kuoneka ngati mzere umodzi azithunzi omwe tikunena molunjika, amayenda m'mbuyomu mwa pano m'tsogolo.

Amaona kuti mfundo za "nthawi" anatuluka pa nthawi ya kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse, chifukwa cha Big Bang. Kutsutsa kapena kutsimikizira kopanda ichi si koma n'zotheka.

katundu wa nthawi

Ngati ukulu iliyonse, izi katundu wapadera:

• Chimodzi dimensionality.
• Irreversibility. M'mawu ena, nthawi si akusuntha mu mzere woongoka, koma umachita zimenezo mwa njira imodzi (akale m'tsogolo). Ngati inu kutenga mfundo ziwiri umasinthasintha pa olamulira wosakhalitsa, amene akudziwa kuti wachibale tsogolo kwa ena. Ndipo kuti nawonso, adzakhala oyamba otsiriza.
• Pachilichonse. Ndi Kuyanjana pakathi pa mphindi iliyonse. Otchedwa koyamba kukhumba nthawi - izi ndi chabe msonkhano. Popeza lonse la zochitika mukhoza kuyamba latsopano zosatha kakyulasi.
• Kudziwa. Nthawi alipo, kaya maganizo a anthu ndi kuvomereza kwake zodabwitsazi. Ziri ngati lamulo la mphamvu yakukoka: ngakhale ambiri zaka anthu sadziwa linakhalapo, iye anapitiriza ntchito.
• Padziko lonse. Pakhoza kukhala kanthu kunja kwa nthawi alipo.

Kodi umatchedwa kuwerengetsa

Ngakhale kuti chodabwitsa mu funso ali pachilichonse m'mbiri yonse ya dziko, anthu anali kuyesa kupeza njira kuphunzira kuwerenga.

chakuti aliyense chitukuko pa nthawi inayake anaona kuti kuli kusintha nyengo. Chifukwa cha kupulumuka kwa anthu ake anakumana ndi bwino kuphunzira mmene kuwerengera kubera nthawi yabwino ndi kusalabadira kwa nthawi, kupanga pasadakhale nkhokwe osati kufa ndi njala ndi ozizira. Choncho ananyamuka kalendara.

Calendar, mitundu ndiponso mbiri yake

Mawu awa momwe anthu osiyana ndinayang'ana ndipo lidalembedwa mosiyana. Komabe, tanthauzo lake wakhala ogwirizana. Calendar - mtundu uwu nthawi system (kuti) Buku yaitali. Zonse zinayamba kutuluka yaing'ono.

Woyamba mobwerezabwereza mkombero kuti anaona anthu - linali tsiku ndi usiku - tsiku. Pang'onopang'ono, izo inafotokoza kuti pa nthaŵi mwezi udzadutsa magawo onse. Kenako, anthu anaona kuti pambuyo 12 nyengo miyezi abwerezedwa, amene pachaka. Pamaziko a kuzipenya amenewa anali anatulukira ndi mu kalendala. Malinga ndi chaka chino inkakhala masiku 354.

Mwatsoka, anamulamula zimenezi Buku la nthawi yaikulu ya nthawi yanji sizigwirizana ndi chaka dzuwa. Choncho, mayiko akhala ntchito izo, ine ndinali kupita zidule zosiyanasiyana kukonza zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, Aroma kamodzi pa zaka 3 mwezi owonjezera linayikidwa - martsedony.

M'mayiko ena masiku ano kugwiritsa ntchito kalendala analengedwa ndi mwezi.

Anthu a ku Egypt kale kulambira Mulungu Sun Ra, potengera kalendala ake pa mwezi chikubwera ndi dzuwa. Komabe, m'nthawi ino, nayenso, anali opanda ungwiro, chiwerengero cha masiku chaka kuposa 365. M'nthawi zam'tsogolo (pamene dziko ndi nayenso anapereka pansi pa ulamuliro wa Agiriki, Aroma), eni atsopano a boma anayesa kuti atchule ndi Kusintha kwa Aigupto kalendala ya dzuwa, koma iwo kutero lisanathe ndipo sanali mizu.

Agriki anali ndondomeko yapadera chifukwa kuwerengera nthawi yaitali. Iwo ankatchedwa mkombero Metonic inatenga zaka 19. dongosolo, anayamba ndi zakuthambo Meton m'zaka V. BC. e., kayendedwe ka dzuwa ndi mwezi. Ngakhale kapangidwe kake, zinali n'ngolondoladi ndi kupata kwa nthawi. Dziwani kuti anthu achiyuda ntchito izo. Komanso, nthawi ya Pasaka chaka kuchita masamu malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi.

Aroma, omwe amapereka Mkhristu dziko lonse dongosolo lake la nthaŵi, poyambirira kalendala zovuta kwambiri wopangidwa mwa miyezi 10. Komabe, Yuliy Tsezar chinamuchititsa kusintha ndipo anayambitsa dongosolo latsopano la zaka pakuyenerera. Atamwalira a mfumu otsatira ake pang'ono pankhani kalendala watsopano, chifukwa cha zimene wasonkhanitsa 4 adzatumpha chaka, kuposa amene aikidwako, ndi Oktavian Avgust anakakamizika titachita ndi mochuluka monga zaka 16.

Pambuyo Chikhristu chipembedzo chachikulu cha Rome ndi kufalitsa padziko lonse, mayiko ambiri asamukira kalendala ya Julius.

Ndi momwemo basi sanali wangwiro, ndi zaka zochepa chisokonezo ndi zaka adzatumpha kwatanthauza kuti chiwerengero chenicheni cha nthawi pakati pa March vernal (pa iwo ankaona chaka) Kodi sizigwirizana ndi kalendara.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, mutu wa Mpingo wa Katolika Papa Gregory XIII mu 1582 pamodzi ndi masamu ya Aloysius Liliem analenga dongosolo latsopano la limafotokozera, amene ntchito ndi kutukuka dziko lonse lero.

Kuwerengera

Ndondomeko kuwerengera nthawi yaikulu ya nthawi analandira zogwirizana ndi maganizo amenewa, monga n'chimene. Iwo anachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki akuti "chiphunzitso cha nthawi" (kuchokera ku mawu "chronos" ndi "Logos"). Kuyambira etymology ake izo zamveka kuti imakhazikika mu sayansi kuphunzira nthawi ndi njira kuyeza. Iwo agawidwa mitundu 3:

• Zakuthambo. Iye imakhazikika mu kuphunzira kwa chisonyezo cha zakuthambo. Pamaziko a cyclicity ake zimathandiza kuwerengera enieni nthawi zakuthambo.
• Mbiri. Mosiyana ndi yapita (zomwe cholinga chake ndicho kukhazikitsa nthawi yeniyeni), izi anaikira phunziro la machitidwe a kalendala ndi dongosolo la chitukuko chosiyana ndi States. kumathandiza kuti synchronize mbiri ya anthu osiyanasiyana kudziwa kwenikweni pamene izo zinachitika, kapena chochitika china chofunika.
• Geochronology. Iwo akuphunzira nthawi Geological monga Earth miyala. Ntchito imeneyi ali geochronological yake nthawi lonse. Chiyambi cha nthawi pa izo - iyi ndi nthawi ya mapangidwe dziko lathuli, biliyoni 4.6 zaka zapitazo.

M'munsi nthawi

Chifukwa aliyense chitukuko chachikulu chinali kalendala yake ndi kalendala, muyenera khutu ku chiyambi cha kuwerengetsa ake. Ngakhale nthawi chizolowezi ndi chodabwitsa kwenikweni mu mchitidwe uliwonse wa chimango ake Buku osankhidwa poyambira.

Aiguputo limafotokozera kunachitidwa kuyambira chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Farao wotsatira, kapena mafumu lonse. Boma la Roma koyamba poyambira anali tsiku la Rome m'munsi. Masiku ano ambiri kachitidwe kuchuluka zochokera zina zimene akufunika a chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, Chikhristu ndi pafupifupi tsiku la kubadwa kwa Kristu, Asilamu - kusintha kwa Mneneri Muhammad ku Mecca ndi kupita Medina ndi Abuda - nthawi ya imfa Buddha, ndipo Ayuda - nthawi chilengedwere dziko lapansi (maganizo awo).

Osachepera intervals kalendala nthawi: tsiku, sabata, mwezi

Popeza anachitira ndi mfundo koyamba poyambira wa nthaŵi, m'pofunika kuganizira mayunitsi zofunika kwambiri, amene ntchito ndi onse a iwo.

The osachepera kuchuluka kwa nthawi ntchito mu machitidwe onse kalendala Buku - usiku uno (usana ndi usiku imatenga maola 24). Mu lingaliro limeneli nthawi zingapo lathunthu la Dziko padziko nguli.

Mtsogolo, pa maziko a unit anapanga la sabata. Masiku ano, iwo kwa masiku 7. Komabe, m'mbuyomu sizinali nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, Asilavo izi imeneyi nthawi masiku 9, ndipo pa USSR - 5, ndi zina 6 masiku.

The wakale Aiguputo sabata inkakhala masiku 10, ndi Maya - kuchokera 13 (nthawi zina 20).

Chotsatira mu dongosolo cha kuchuluka kwa mwezi. Poyambirira, inali nthawi ya Moon zisinthe wathunthu padziko Lapansi. Koma masiku ano, si chomwecho, osachepera mu Julian ndi kalendala ya Gregory.

Kotala ya nyengo

Miyezi zatha nyengo ndi kumpanda. Aliyense nyengo (iye nthawi yomweyo wa chaka) imakhala miyezi 3 kalendala. A okwana 4: yozizira, masika, chilimwe ndi autumn. Kotala komanso imakhala miyezi 3, koma iwo anaonedwa ndi nyengo, ndi mosamalitsa kalendara. wagawo Izi allocated zinali zosavuta kuti kunja zolembedwa malipoti.

Chaka ndi mitundu yake

Miyezi, kotala ndi nyengo kupanga chaka. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba nthawi yaitali, imene Earth akupanga zisinthe wathunthu dzuwa. Amakhala miyezi 12, nyengo 4 kapena kumpanda.

chaka Mkhristu Traditional tichipeza masiku 365, koma aliyense 4 ndi tumphatumpha chaka ndi masiku 366. Monga tichipeza masiku 355, Ayuda ndi kalendala Chisilamu.

Inu simungakhoze kuyiwala za mfundo monga maphunziro. Izi ndi miyezi 9, imene maphunziro ndi kusukulu.

Century, mileniamu ndi megagod gigagod

zaka 100 mawonekedwe zaka kapena zaka. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nthawi chachikulu munthawi poyerekezera ndi munthu ndithu, chifukwa ochepa okha angathe kukhala mochuluka.

The Millennium imakhala zaka 1000 kapena zaka 10.

Ndi ofunika kupeza dzina la nthawi ya wamkulu limafotokozera wachibale. Iwo gigagod, tichipeza zaka biliyoni. Komanso, unit wapakatikati ndi allocated - megagod (1 miliyoni zaka).

Megagod ndi gigagod m'mbiri zakale si ntchito, monga pakadali pano palibe umboni wakuti kuli moyo mwanzeru nthawi imeneyi. Komabe, iwo ndi wofunika geochronology.