Einstein ya Nobel Prize kwa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu photoelectric

Mu mbiri ya sayansi dziko zimavuta kupeza wasayansi a muyezo wofanana monga Albert Einstein. Komabe, njira yake anatchuka ndi kuzindikira sizinali zophweka. Wokwanira kuti kuti Nobel Prize Albert Einstein analandira pokhapokha anavutika asankha iye maulendo oposa 10.

Mwachidule mbiri mudziwe

Albert Einstein anabadwa pa March 14, 1879 mu mzinda German wa Ulm Ayuda pakati kalasi banja. bambo ake poyamba chinkhoswe kupanga mphasa, ndi atasamukira ku Munich anatsegula olimba malonda zamagetsi.

Mu zaka 7 Albert ananditumiza ku sukulu Catholic ndiyeno sekondale, lomwe tsopano lili ndi dzina la wasayansi wamkulu. Malinga ndi anzake mu kalasi ndipo aphunzitsi, iye sankafuna chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira ndipo anali ambiri mkulu yekhayo mu masamu ndi Latin. Mu 1896, Einstein anali ulendo wachiwiri analowa Polytechnic wa Zurich mu mphamvu ya Education, thangwi akhafuna kenako ntchito monga mphunzitsi wa sayansi. Pali Yoswa nthawi zambiri kuphunzira chiphunzitso Maxwell a mu atomu. Ngakhale sanaone Einstein ndi luso lapadera kwambiri sanalinso zotheka pa nthawi ya maphunziro, palibe aphunzitsi sanafune kuona kuti ntchito yake. Kenako wasayansi ananena kuti mu Zurich Polytechnic iye obstructed ndi analakwira kwa khalidwe palokha.

Chiyambi cha njira kutchuka dziko

Nditamaliza sukulu yapamwamba Albert Eynshteyn sanathe kupeza ntchito komanso ngakhale njala. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi analemba ndi lofalitsidwa ntchito yake yoyamba.

Mu 1902, tsogolo wasayansi wamkulu anayamba kugwira ntchito mu Ofesi Maluso. zaka 3 Patangopita lofalitsidwa mu ŵa German magazini "Annals of Physics" Nkhani 3, omwe kenako anazindikira kuti nyengo yachisanu ikupita kusintha sayansi. Mu iwo, nawatanthawuzira zoyambirira za chiphunzitso cha relativity, wofunikila kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso kuchokera lomwe kenako anatuluka zotsatira photoelectric, chiphunzitso Einstein, ndipo maganizo ake pa malongosoledwe zowerengera za kayendedwe Brownian.

Chikhalidwe chosintha maganizo Einstein a

3 nkhani zonse wasayansi, lofalitsidwa mu 1905 mu "Annals of Physics", anakhala phunziro la mkangano kukambirana anzake. Maganizo kuti anapereka kwa asayansi, ndithudi anayenera kubweretsa Albertu Eynshteynu ya Nobel Prize. Komabe, iwo sizinayende akhala anazindikira mabwalo maphunziro. Ngati gawo la sayansi mosapita m'mbali anathandiza mnzake, anapeza gulu lalikulu la sayansi amene, monga experimenters, chofunika kuti mupereke zotsatira za maphunziro wazotsatira.

The Prize Nobel

Atatsala pang'ono imfa ya magnate zida wotchuka Alfred Nobel analemba chifuniro chake, chimene katundu wake unasamutsidwa kuti Fund ndi Special. Bungweli anali kuchita kusankha ofuna ndipo anapereka pachaka, mphatso yaikulu ndalama kwa anthu amene "ankatuma phindu lalikulu kwa anthu", kupanga anapeza kwambiri m'munda wa sayansi, umagwirira ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kapena mankhwala. Komanso, mphoto anapatsidwa kwa mlengi wa ntchito kwambiri mabuku, komanso amathandiza kuti kuphatikiza kwa amitundu, kuchepetsa ya zachitetezo ndi "Kukwezeleza congresses mtendere."

Mu chifuniro chake, Nobel osiyana mfundo anapempha kuti nomination wa ofuna sanalembe mtundu wawo, chifukwa iwo samafuna mphoto wake politicized.

Nthawi yoyamba Nobel mphoto mwambo unachitikira mu 1901. M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi chasandulika opindula sayansi yabwino kwambiri monga:

• Wilhelm Roentgen ;
• Hendrik Lorentz;
• Pieter Zeeman;
• Antuan Bekkerel;
• Per Kyuri;
• Mariya Kyuri;
• John Uilyam Strett;
• Philipp Lenard;
• Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson;
• Albert Abraham Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippmann;
• Guglielmo Marconi;
• Karl Braun.

Albert Einstein ndi Nobel Prize: kutambasuka loyamba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba wasayansi chachikulu asankha chifukwa mphoto imeneyi mu 1910. Wake "godfather" anapambana Nobel Prize mu umagwirira Vilgelm Ostvald. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zaka 9 zisanachitike izi, yotsirizira anakana Einstein ntchito. Mu ulaliki wake iye anatsindika kuti chiphunzitso cha relativity ndi kwambiri sayansi ndi thupi, osati mfundo monga nzeru zaumunthu pamene otsutsa ake ndayesera kuti mupereke Einstein. Mu zaka wotsatira, Ostwald mobwerezabwereza poikira kumbuyo mfundo imeneyi, kachiwiri akukankha kwa zaka zingapo.

Komiti Nobel wakana candidacy Einstein, ndi mawu ndi zimene chiphunzitso cha relativity si zizigwirizana chimodzimodzi kwa aliyense wa akwaniritsa zimenezi. Kwenikweni, anali kudziŵika kuti m'pofunika kudikira zambiri zolaula chitsimikiziro ake experimental.

Chirichonse chimene chinali, mu 1910, mphotoyo kupereka Yanu Van der mphamvu Waals, kwa derivation wa aone kuti pali boma chifukwa mpweya zakumwa.

Zachitika pa zaka wotsatira

Pa zaka 10, Alberta Eynshteyna ya Nobel Prize asankha pafupifupi chaka kupatula zaka 1911 ndi 1915. Pa nthawi yomweyo nthawi zonse mu ntchito yabwino kuti anali woyenera chotero mphoto yapamwamba umasonyeza chiphunzitso cha relativity. Ndi mfundo imeneyi kwachititsa kuti ngakhale m'nthawi ankakayikira, monga Mphoto Nobel anali amaitcha kuti Einstein.

Mwatsoka, 3 mamembala 5 m'Komiti ya Nobel anali ku Sweden University Uppsala, amadziwika sukulu ake amphamvu sayansi, yomwe oimira apita patsogolo kwambiri kuthandiza zipangizo ndi njira experimental. Iwo Muzisamala kwambiri ndi theorists koyera. Awo "wovulalayo" sanali mmodzi Einstein. The Prize Nobel sizinachitikepo amaitcha kuti ndi wasayansi kwambiri Anri Puankare, ndi Maks thabwa analandira mu 1919, pambuyo pokambirana yaitali.

kadamsana

Monga tanenera kale, ambiri a sayansi anafuna kutsimikizira experimental ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity. Komabe, pa nthawi zimenezi sizingatheke. Sun anathandiza. mfundo ndi yakuti kuti atsimikizire kulondola kwa chiphunzitso Einstein anali chofunika kulosera khalidwe la chinthu ndi waukulu. Chifukwa chaichi yabwino yoti dzuwa. Anaganiza kuti tipeze malo a nyenyezi panthawi ya kadamsana, chimene chinali kuchitika November 1919, ndi kufanizira iwo ndi "wamphamvu". Zotsatira zinali kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa pamaso pa spatio-zosatha kukhota, zotsatira ku chiphunzitso cha relativity.

Maulendo amagwiritsidwa pa mfundo za chilumbachi mu kotentha la Brazil. Miyezo anapangidwa kwa mphindi 6 mpaka kadamsana unatha, ankafunsidwa ndi Eddington. Chifukwa, Newton chiphunzitso chakale za danga inert analephera ndipo anagwetsa Einstein.

Kuzindikila

1919 inali nthawi ya kupambana kwa Einstein. Ngakhale Lorentz, amene anali a maganizo ake ndi kukayikira, anazindikira phindu. Imodzi ndi Niels Bohr ndi 6 TH asayansi ena, amene anali woyenera kuti asankhe anzake kuti Nobel Prize, analankhula thandizo Alberta Eynshteyna.

Komabe, ndale kulepheretsa. Ngakhale zinali zoonekeratu kuti nominee wolemekezeka kwambiri - Einstein, Mphoto Nobel mu Physics kwa 1920 anali kupereka Sharlyu Eduardu Guillaume kwa Kufufuza anomalies mu kasakaniza wazitsulo faifi tambala ndi zitsulo.

Komabe, kutsutsana patsogolo, ndipo zinali zoonekeratu kuti dera lonse sangazindikire ngati wasayansi n'kusiya choyenera mphoto.

The Nobel Prize ndi Einstein

Mu 1921, chiwerengero cha asayansi amene akufuna pa asiya uphungu wa mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha relativity, pachimake. Pakuti Einstein anakuvoterani anthu 14 amene mwalamulo ali ndi ufulu kusankha ofuna. Mmodzi wa mamembala otchuka wa Royal Swedish Society Eddington m'kalata yake ngakhale poyerekeza iye Newton n'kunena kuti chimaposa m'nthawi yake yonse.

Komabe, Komiti Nobel anapempha kuti ulaliki wa pa mtengo wa chiphunzitso cha relativity Laureate in Medicine kwa 1911 Alvar Gullstrand. sayansi iyi, katswiri wa pochiza matenda a maso pa University Uppsala, ndi mofulumira kudzudzulidwa Einstein ndi osaphunzira. Makamaka, iye amanena kuti kupinda wa mtengo kuwala akhoza kukhala mayeso woona chiphunzitso Alberta Eynshteyna. Iye anatinso sayenera umboni wa kuzipenya lopangidwa ndi kulemekeza kanjira wa Mercury. Komanso, makamaka anakwiya chifukwa chakuti kutalika kwa chingwe osiyanasiyana siyana malingana kapena kuyenda amatsata, ndi changu chimene iye amachitira izo.

Chifukwa, Einstein ya Nobel Prize mu 1921, sichinayambe kupereka, ndipo anaganiza kuti mphoto aliyense.

1922

Save nkhope Nobel Committee anathandiza sayansi Karl Vilgelm Oseen ku University of Uppsala. Iye anapita chakuti zilibe kanthu, umene Einstein analandira Nobel Prize. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iye ananena kuti kukhala amaitcha "kwa anapeza lamulo la zotsatira photoelectric."

Oseen komanso analangiza mamembala komiti kuti pa mwambo 22th anali kupereka osati Einstein. The Prize Nobel mu chaka apafupi ndi TH 1921 anapatsidwa osati imelo imeneyi unali mwayi kukondwerera zipambano asayansi awiri. Wopambana wachiwiri anali Niels Bohr.

Einstein anaphonya mwambo nduna ya Nobel Prize. Mawu ake iye ananena, ndipo zoyenera chiphunzitso cha relativity.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe Einstein analandira Nobel Prize. Zasonyezanso kufunika kwa atulukira wasayansi kwa dziko la sayansi. Ngakhale Einstein Mphoto Nobel sanali kupereka, iye akanati adatsikira m'mbiri ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi monga munthu amene anasintha chifaniziro cha anthu za malo ndi nthawi.