Maphunziro ndi sayansi m'zaka 19 ku Russia

m'ma 19 kwa Russia anali panasinthira, pamene pa chiyambi cha mphamvu za m'ma ankadutsa Alexander I pambuyo regicide Paulo Ine, pamene sayansi ndi maphunziro anayamba mofulumira, yomwe inkafuna kusintha kwakukulu. Zonsezi kwa zaka za m'ma 19 angathe kugawidwa amachepetsa yoyamba ndi yachiwiri.

Russia ilidi m'ma 19

Zotsatira achinyamata Mfumu muli boma, limene lasintha kwambiri poyerekeza nthawi yapita. N'zotheka taonani mfundo zingapo zofunika zomwe zikuonetsa kuti ukulu dziko:

1. Kuchuluka m'dera chifukwa analanda dziko la Crimea, Kazakhstan, ndi Baltic States, mu-Bank Ukraine ndi Western Belarus. Motero, ndi anthu akhala zambiri pafupifupi 40 miliyoni. Anthu, amene 90% anali anthu wamba. Komanso kuchuluka, ndipo m'tawuni, makamaka St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, umene kumene, motsogoleredwa chitukuko cha sayansi m'zaka 19 ku Russia.
2. Romanov anakhala eni yaikulu komanso ena kulamulidwa ndi zigawo zina dziko.
3. bajeti kuchuluka koposa zitatu poyerekeza m'ma 18.

Komabe, pa nthawi ya kubwera kwa mphamvu ya Alexander Ine, Russia anali m'dziko limene lonse dongosolo wamakono kuti muphe nsomba mmwamba zinachitika likuvutika anthu awo, ndi sayansi, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe wapatsidwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri.

Chitukuko cha sayansi mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19

Kukamba za chitukuko cha sayansi mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma angathe kupeza zotsatira amene amadziwika ndi asayansi pa nthawiyo, chifukwa lomwe masiku ano n'zotheka kuona zikayenda yabwino kwambiri.

Science m'zaka 19 mu Russia - ndi koposa zonse, masamu, sayansi ndi zimapangidwira.

Mu Kazan University masamu pulofesa Nikolai Lobachevsky anakhoza kukhala chiphunzitso chatsopano mu Masamu amatchedwa "sanali Euclidean". Sing'anga Nikolai Pirogov anatha mwatsatane mu mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali kuganizira opaleshoni. Iye anali wokhoza ntchito kuti nkhondo, choyamba ntchito efa ochititsa dzanzi ndi pulasitala.

Mu sayansi, chimake cha phunziro pa nthawi iyi anali magetsi, ndipo apa ndi pamene anapeza anachira. Boris Jacobi anatsegula njira electroforming, kenako adalenga Motors angapo magetsi ndi telegraphs. wasayansi A Vasily Petrov anatha zikusonyeza mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito magetsi kuunikira ndi zitsulo makungwa, ankafufuza Arc ndi woyang'anira mu mpweya rarefied.

Itakwana nthawi imeneyi ndi sayansi, zakuthambo Choncho, inatsegulidwa mu 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, komwe anagwirako ntchito zakuthambo Vasily Struve, amene anatulukira ndende ya nyenyezi mu Milky Way ndege.

Sukulu ndi mayunivesite

Kumayambiriro kwa sayansi ndi maphunziro a m'zaka 19 mu Russia zasintha, ndipo mu 1803 inaika lamulo kugawanitsa dziko m'zigawo zisanu maphunziro, omwe ankafunika kumanga yunivesite. Komabe, anatulukira zaka 20 atatu okha mabungwe maphunziro, kuphatikizapo Moscow, Kazan ndi St. Petersburg University. Nicholas Ine sankapatsa lingaliro la maphunziro, ndipo palibe yunivesite anali ume- mu ulamuliro wake. Komanso, iye akukhulupirira kuti ana sayenera kuphunzitsa serfs mofanana ndi zonse.

Maphunziro abwino akhoza kuwapeza, koma anthu otchuka mu nkhope, monga Tsarskoye Selo pafupi St. Petersburg, ndi Demidov amene anali Yaroslavl.

zinthu bwino anali ndi sukulu ya mbiri luso. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, anatulukira kokha Institute Mountain, pang'ono padaonekera Institute Forest. Nicholas Ine wabwino wa zomangamanga ndi maphunziro usilikali, choncho ngati panatseguka mabungwe sayansi ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, komanso zida zankhondo ndi Engineering Academy.

Maphunziro akazi

A chizolowezi bwino kuganizira kupitiriza maphunziro akazi, amene chinaikidwa pa Ekaterina II, kukhala akazi abwino, ndipo ndi amayi abwino. Choncho, mabungwe akhala anatsegula m'mizinda yambiri atsikana chiyambi wolemekezeka: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, ndithudi, Moscow ndi St. Petersburg.

zaumunthu

Zaumunthu 19 atumwi ku Russia, mu zoyambirira, ndi chidwi mkulu ena anayamba kukhala mu mbiriyakale, ndipo unakhazikitsidwa ndi Moscow Society of History ndi Antiquities. Komanso chidwi anasonyezedwa kwa mbiri ambiri ndi zilankhulo, kuphatikizapo Chisilavo, Studies Chinese, umene unali kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga mabuku ndi periodicals.

Yofalitsa wakhala wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo mu 1809 kusindikizidwa 68 magazini a nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndi 9 manyuzipepala. panali ntchito yomasulira, ndi nzika kuti ndizolowere mabuku zakunja chifukwa cha anatulukira ndi chitukuko yosindikiza.

Tiyenera kutchura mabuku Russian, pamene dziko anaphunzira za Pushkin, Nekrasov ndi Turgenev. Nthawi imeneyi, anadzutsa nkhani monga mavuto a munthu pang'ono kuchokera makalasi m'munsi, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, adayimba miyambo wowerengeka mu mawonekedwe m'kamwa ndi olembedwa.

Science, maphunziro (m'ma 19, theka lachiwiri, Russia)

Theka lachiwiri, pamene feudalism anagwetsa bizinesi, amafuna apamwamba mlingo wa chitukuko, osati mwa anthu ophunzira, komanso pakati pa ogwira ntchito wamba, maphunziro mu malo oyamba anali kukhudza kumabungwe amene imakhudzana ndi moyo wabwinobwino.

Komabe, chitukuko unachitikira mu mavuto, pamene malo lili ngakhale feudalism, anazunzidwa ndi autocracy, ndi Russian asayansi, olemba ndi amisiri kuchita khama kwambiri.

Dziwani kuti kayendedwe chosintha zathandiza kupititsa patsogolo sayansi zotsogola pamene Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen Nkhondo, ndi nthawi kumasula anthu ku serfdom. Zonsezi ali kutero asayansi kutulukira zinthu kwambiri kuti athandize anthu.

asayansi otchuka

Theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 amakhala ku mawonedwe a sayansi chitukuko cha sayansi ya zachilengedwe, monga sayansi, masamu, umagwirira, zinyama ndi madera. ankafuna amenewa anatsimikiza ndi zofuna za moyo, wamakono kupanga ndi chilakolako kutamanda zomwe asayansi boma ndiponso kutulukira kuti ichi chinali nkhani ya sayansi Russian. m'ma 19, poyamba pa zonse, "anapereka" Asayansi monga Pafnutii Chebyshev, amene anayesa yolumikizana mavuto a masamu ndi sayansi mwafufuza ndi chiphunzitso cha makina ndipo makinawa.

A nthumwi otchuka a dziko wasayansi anali mkazi, Sofia Kovalevskaya, amene sanathe kupeza maphunziro oyenera Russia napita kudziko, kumene iye analandira digiri mu masamu. Komabe, iye ankaimira Russia, ndi ntchito zake akhala anazindikira padziko lonse.

Science m'zaka 19 mu Russia lakwaniritsa kopambana mu sayansi, chifukwa asayansi monga Alexander Stoletov amene ankaphunzira nyese ndi zochitika photoelectric, komanso ntchito monga mphunzitsi zoposa zaka makumi atatu, mutu wa Dipatimenti ya Moscow State University.

Tiyenera kutchura Russian sayansi Dmitri Mendeleev, wasayansi amene anatulukira lamulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala.

Kukonza maphunziro

Kamodzi mu dziko, pali zomera zambiri ndi mafakitale, zomwe zofunika anthu oyenera amene amatha kuwerenga, kulemba, kumvetsa makina kusintha mu maphunziro.

nambala ya kusintha kunachitika, amene anathandiza kukhazikitsa sukulu mpingo, zaka ziwiri ndi zinayi chaka sukulu. Zemsky anamasula sukulu zapulaimale kumene kunali pulogalamu ochulukirapo a kuphunzira, ndipo Sunday sukulu akuluakulu amene anaphunzira kalata pambuyo ntchito.

The sayansi ya theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 mu Russia anaitana patsogolo paziyangoyango za maphunziro mabungwe zasekondale ndi ukachenjede. M'mizinda (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev) mayunivesite anatseguka, mabungwe luso, ndi maphunziro angapo ulimi.

Koma boma tsarist asalankhule maphunziro ndi kwenikweni linali lotsegula, ngakhale mu sukulu zapulaimale kotero Russia anali amodzi mwa malo otsiriza pa kulemba. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma mlingo lolemba la% 28 okha, pamene pakati pa akazi zinali 17 zokha%.

Sukulu kwa amayi

Monga tanena okha oimira anthu otchuka mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma analandira zina maphunziro, kumene anaphunzitsidwa zilankhulo, makhalidwe abwino ndi zogona. Science m'zaka 19 mu Russia kwa akazi chinachake zenizeni ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa, makamaka iwo anali - kuphunzira kuwerenga, kulemba, ndi anafotokoza.

sukulu za pulaimale ndi sekondale akazi wamba pafupifupi kulibe mpaka 60 ntchentche. sukulu anayamba kuonekera 70s, koma pang'onopang'ono ndipo chikuonetseratu kuti mayunivesite kwathunthu kutsekedwa kwa akazi a kalasi iliyonse.

Chifukwa kayendedwe ka zinthu, linatsegulidwa sukulu akazi angapo mkulu, zamankhwala, koma patsogolo ulimi wa 20 akazi atumwi osati mu malo ofanana.

Kukula kwa zaumunthu mu zaka za m'ma 19 Russia

Mbali achilendo a dziko anali kuti maziko a umbuli ambiri anali mtengo mkulu wa chitukuko cha sayansi, kumene kunali kwambiri kutsegula kwa dzikoli.

Chinthu chachikulu kuti zachitika zaumunthu, monga momwe chilengedwe cha zopereka ntchito pa mbiriyakale ya Russia kuyambira kale ku nthawi ino (theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19), womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi Academician Sergeem Solovevym mu 29 mabuku. chopereka , ndi lero ndi wopambana kwambiri pa mbiri ya dzikoli.

Nthawi imeneyi, pali ankadziwika kuti onse Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, omwe akweza mawu oposa 200,000. Komanso mawu a m'bukuli aphatikizidwa miyambi, ndi mawu, komanso terminology yeniyeni.

Kuphunzira mabuku Russian chinkhoswe wolemba AN Afanasiev anatchuka ndi ntchito za nzeru zapamwamba Russian, amene ankaphunzira mabuku wakale Russian ndi nthano za academician Buslaeva.

Zaumunthu mu m'ma 19 mu Russia anabwera mchikakamizo cha zovuta njira zokomera, pamene panali zandale, akamayamba kusintha kwa boma, ndipo anthu anali kufunafuna njira ya chitukuko zina za dziko, zomwe zinaonetsera mabuku, amene lagawidwa zitatu: Kuzindikira yovuta, mabuku proletarian ndi chimakono .

Zotsatira za m'ma 19

Kwa Russia, m'zaka za m'ma 19 anali lapadera, yosiyanasiyana, sakanikira ndi zotsutsana muzochitika zones za moyo, ndi moyo wa anthu wamba, amene anakhala ufulu okha kwa zaka za m'ma, kutsiriza ndi ulamuliro wa mafumu anayi, aliyense wachita bwino, koma chinachake anali wolephera. Komabe, sayansi ya theka zoyambirira za m'ma 19 ku Russia, komanso wachiwiri, yodziwika ndi chilakolako cha asayansi kufika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse, ngakhale onse amene akulephera chitukuko. M'zaka za kutulukira zinthu kuti lero m'madera onse a sayansi ali apamwamba msinkhu.