Eugenics: womwe ndi tanthauzo la mavuto ndi zolinga za sayansi

Kumapeto kwa XlX kumayambiriro kwa zaka XX sayansi kukuchuluka. Kufalitsa "The Origin of Species," Darwin analembera mu 1859, wogulitsidwa mu nkhani masiku, ndi kutsutsana za zamoyo wa njira ndi mwayi kusonkhezera izo sinathe kwa kamphindi. Kwa zaka zingapo, asayansi intensively anaphunzira njira zamoyo zinachita, pali madera ambiri mu zamoyo, zomwe zina kupereka chikoka yogwira pa njira ya kusanduka anthu.

Eugenics - ndichiyani?

M'mbiri ake, anthu ntchito kusankha kusintha zokolola ndipo zokolola za nyama. Choncho, mbiri ya eugenics inayambira chilakolako anthu kwambiri kudzapeza ntchitoyo osati nyama kokha, komanso mtundu wawo.

chilango A wodzipereka kwa mwambo wa sayansi XlX m'ma kulibe, kotero udindo wa pakamwapo waukulu ndi mavuto patsogolo mitundu anthu anatenga pa Mpingo, umene mwachangu kudzudzulidwa kuyesa kanthu makonzedwe a chilengedwe cha Mulungu.

Choncho, eugenics lingaliro ndi kupanga kusankha ndi kutsata bwino za mtundu wa anthu, wokhulupirira kulamulira wobereka ndi ukwati.

Kutchuka ndi mbiri n'ngwokayikitsa

M'zaka loyamba la m'ma XX inasanduka wotchuka kuti ena limati anayamba kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya waukulu. Choncho unachitikira mgwirizano wa German Nazi sayansi ndi eugenics. Iwo anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Nazi alandira kufalikira kwambiri mantha miyeso monga kukakamizidwa zatsopano yolera yotseketsa pa anthu ndi kuwonongedwa kwa magulu lonse anazindikira mwa boma osafunika.

Koma malamulo eugenics anali ntchito kutali kupitirira Nazi Germany. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States ena limati osauka ndi anthu IQ otsika ife kupereka mphoto kwa ndime ya njira yolera yotseketsa kwawo. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti anthu ndi makhalidwe oipa akhoza kuwononga dziwe jini ya Mfundo pokhala ndi ana.

Choyamba, eugenics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kusankha yokumba, chinthu chachikulu chimene ndi munthu. Pali njira ziwiri kudziletsa pa kusankha izi: otchedwa eugenics zabwino lolunjika pa kulimbikitsa maukwati kuti kuchititsa ana amabadwa ndi mbali wotchuka; chibadwa zoipa zachokera osati ana anabadwa ndi zilema kakulidwe kapena makhalidwe oipa kwa anthu. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ya zamankhwala mu nkhokwe matenda a eugenics anali njira zimenezi yakulera, monga mayesero majini ndi ultrasound diagnostics.

kubwerera eugenics

ndi mfundo eugenic Kodi, zimaonekeratu ngati ife tiyang'ana pa vuto Poyang'ana m'mbuyo. Woyamba ndi kumvetsa phindu la mawuwa. Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu achigiriki anamasuliridwa ziri monga "nobly aliyovyalike." Apa ndi pamene panayambira chiphunzitso cha eugenics. Kodi kusankha yokumba, zinadziwika mu 1883, pamene wasayansi F. Galton lofalitsidwa ntchito yake lofunika "Kuphunzira luso anthu ndi chitukuko."

Waukulu thandizo-asayansi eugenicists anali malingaliro a mtima chibadwa. Akamanena za ziphunzitso za Galton anali kuonetsetsa kuti ngakhale maphunziro kapena maphunziro si ukasintha bwanji khalidwe la, koma otsogolera ndi chibadwa kumene kumatsimikizira kuphatikizapo khalidwe chikhalidwe.

Ndi kwa buku lino, chionetsero cha kupambana kwa eugenics ndi mayunivesite mu Europe. Latsopano sayansi yapindula malo chilengedwe maphunziro.

Eugenics sayansi. chikhazikitso

Mu 1907, Britain analengedwa Galton Society, zimene akufotokozera chakudya cha sayansi yatsopano ndi kufunafuna zida kuwatsatira kuchita. Mu US, anthu ofanana anabwera mu 1921 ndipo dzina American Eugenics Society.

Mbiri ya eugenics ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mfundo Darwin chikhalidwe, ozikidwa pa mfundo yakuti yekha makalasi ena m'kalasi, komanso anthu ena makhalidwe anthropological woyenera kupitiriza banja lawo.

Eugenics chikhalidwe zochokera chakuti anthu sitinabadwe ofanana okha woyenera kwambiri adzakhala nako ufulu woteteza zochita za kusanduka anthu, n'kusokoneza ndondomeko ya ubereki. Choncho, eugenics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kusankha anthu.

kutsutsa m'nthawi

Ngakhale ulendo wopambana wa sayansi yatsopano ku mayunivesite ndi maofesi a boma, osati ophunzira onse anakhalabe njira zake. A mdani tchalitchi cha miyambo eugenic anali wolemba Chesterton, American Katswiri Lester Ward, komanso akatswiri Fisher ndi JBS Haldane, amene anasonyeza kukayika kuti yolera yotseketsa wa "defectives" kungayambitse kuthetseratu ndi anthu a makhalidwe osafunika.

Ochuluka kuposa ndi amphamvu msasa zogwirizana otsutsa yolera yotseketsa amakakamizidwa ndi kusankha yokumba inkakhala oimira zipembedzo. Ngakhale kuti pachiyambi, atsogoleri ena achipembedzo ndi chidwi ndi sayansi yatsopano pambuyo 1930, amathandiza inatha. Popeza malamulo ndi ntchito eugenic analankhula Papa Pius XL, amene ananena momveka bwino kuti akuluakulu aboma mulibe ufulu kutaya mitembo ya anthu awo.

Nazism ndi kutsitsa mlingo wa kafukufuku

mavuto Reputational mu eugenics sayansi inayamba mu 1930, pamene Nazi zachibadwa Ernst Rudin anatenga ntchito kulungamitsa milandu ya ulamuliro wa Hitler. Ndi nthawi kale momveka bwino ntchito bwanji masoka kusankha, ndipo eugenics. Kodi mankhwala Nazi idzawonetsedwa patsogolo pang'ono, koma ubwenzi ndi mosasintha kuwononga mbiri ya sayansi eugenic.

Chakumapeto kwa World nkhondo II eugenics mbiri ankaphunzitsa kuonongeka. Fanizo zodabwitsa za zamoyo wa maganizo pa njira ya kusankha yokumba ndi nkhani ndi HG Wells, wochirikiza zogwirizana ya njira yolera yotseketsa amakakamizidwa anatembenuka zaka makumi atatu womenya olimbikira ufulu wa anthu. Makamaka, iye ananena kuti palibe amene ali ndi ufulu kuletsa munthu, ziribe kanthu momwe zovuta kwambiri matenda, koma M'malo mwake, anthu ayenera kusamalira. Koma, ngakhale kuti anthu ena a anthu mu Sweden, mwachitsanzo, anakakamizika castration "zosalongosoka" zinachitikadi mpaka 1976.

Chitsitsimutso chidwi

Pambuyo padzuwa la milandu ya Nazi Germany anauziridwa ndi kafukufuku eugenic, sayansi mbiri anali, izo zinkawoneka owonongedwa kwathunthu. Komabe, pambuyo zambirimbiri anaiwalika chidwi zatsopano anabwerera ndi kafukufuku ongolankhula pa matupi a kumene atachira, koma mu chibadwa lemekezedwa.

A lamphamvu la eugenics latsopano zisinthe anali United States, kumene okwanira malo zina zamakono kafukufuku nawo kukonza majini, cloning ndi matenda akalandire chithandizo, zomwe lofunika kwambiri mu munda wa sayansi. Kotero lingaliro la eugenics mudakhala okonza chibadwa.

Mu 2003, Tania Simoncelli, amene ankagwira ntchito pa nthawi Wothandizira Director of milandu pa boma US, ananena kuti majini matenda prenatatsionnaya akutsegula nyengo yatsopano ya eugenics, amene, mosiyana ndi Nazi, sayenera kukhala ngati mfundo misanthropic, ndi kuyankha kufunika wa anthu wamba.

Zochita konzanso

British zamoyo zinachita kusintha Richard Dawkins anati m'nkhani nyuzipepala 2006 kuti eugenics - nzeru za m'tsogolo. Iye ananenanso kuti chifukwa chakuti sayansi ntchito mwayi pa atsogoleri Nazi, iwo umabala mthunzi kuti kupewedwa kwa zaka kafukufuku cholinga mderali.

kafukufuku anawonjezera kuti, m'malingaliro mwake, njira imeneyi amasiyana pang'ono kuchokera kuswana mu ulimi. Kumene, mu kulungamitsidwa wasayansi wake njira eugenic zachokera chakuti kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Hitler, maganizo a sayansi alibe kuima ndi kukhala kuyankha mafunso ambiri zovuta ndi kuthandiza kupeza njira yothetsera zinthu osokoneza.

Komabe Dawkins njira kwambiri isiyana akalambula ake. Iye osati amapereka kwa zimakhudza zotsatira za mimba, ndi kuchita kusankha yokumba, ambiri analimbikira kuti eugenics zidzathandiza munthu kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza iyeyo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo likufa makolo kuyezetsa majini sadzakhala nthawi yocheza pa mwanayo kuphunzira nyimbo ngati mayesero satchula luso yoyenera. Zikuoneka kuti mayesero amenewa angathandize kusintha zomwe mu masewera, ngati anthu akudziwa mphamvu ndi zofooka zawo. Malinga Dawkins, yankho la mavuto ambiri pa dziko lapansi masiku ano Ndipotu ndi eugenics.

tsankho n'chiyani, zokopa kukumbukira la International Bioethics Committee, amene mamembala amakhulupirira kuti njira zimenezi Atsegula chitseko, anzawo amawasala ndi kuwanyoza, ndipo amatulutsa chikayiko pa lingaliro la kufanana chilengedwe anthu.

Ngakhale kuti eugenics ano amapewa kufananitsa ndi makhalidwe a zaka mazana makumi awiri, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu "chibadwa ubereki" ndi "germinal kusankha" Kunena zoona, maphunziro onsewa ndi mbali ya kuswana anthu.

Mmodzi wa ambiri chamankhwala lero - akalandire chithandizo mosamala - angathe kuonedwa ngati njira kukhazikitsa njira eugenic. Kuyambira mfundo chithandizo cha, kuyezetsa magazi oterowo chingalepheretse kubadwa kwa mwana ndi aakulu majini zopindika ndi matenda otengera kwa makolo.

eugenics Modern: mavuto Magwiridwe

Kwa nthawi yoyamba za mavuto ndi kukhazikitsa njira mosamala majini eugenicists anati mu 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, amene ankakhulupirira kuti makhalidwe akhoza sudzasiyidwira, anatengera, monga ena kuti propensity chiwawa ndi upandu akhoza wadutsa kuchokera ku makolo ana, ndipo ananenera, kuti cholowa kumachitika mwa chikhalidwe pophunzitsidwa m'malo mwa mbewu.

Komanso, ananena zotsatira za kuzipenya wa ntchentche zimene zinasonyeza kuti zinthu zoipa - monga nsapato zapadera maso ndi yoteroyo - kuwonekera zipatso ntchentche osati chifukwa cha cholowa, komanso chifukwa cha masinthidwe.

Komabe, masiku ano sayansi eugenics amadalira luso bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mayesero mabanja kupita patsogolo pathupi mwana akhoza kuona ngati chiopsezo kubereka mwana ndi nthenda ya kumtundu kulibe ndipo, chotero, kubereka zikachitika. Komanso za mayeso zina zamakono sitinganene kuti amapereka chitetezo mtheradi ku zolakwa: pali milandu kumene mabanja asankha akadali pakati mwana ngakhale chifukwa zoipa mayeso, anabereka ana athanzi.

Loss zosiyanasiyana majini

Chibadwa ndi akatswiri chisinthiko zamoyo ndi akuchenjeza chifukwa chakuti overreliance pa mfundo kusankha kungachititse kuwononga anthu a anthu, monga anthu kuzichepetsa tikukhala mu malo ochepa kapena pa zilumba.

Edward Miller litsimikizira kuti m'badwo uliwonse apatsidwe mwayi chopereka yaing'ono mtundu zinachokera chitukuko limanena kuti ngakhale zochitika zimene zingaoneke kuti ife zoipa, pamapeto pake zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko kwachilengedwenso.

Kutsutsa Eugenics

otsutsa ambiri eugenics wa amanena kuti ngakhale zitakhala zabwino chotani zolinga za ofufuza, kenako izi zidzapangitsa kuti zochita zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe. Zimenezi otsutsa eugenics ntchito yaukapolo yolera yotseketsa, kusalana chibadwa, tsankho ndiponso mwina kupululutsa.

Mu pepala lake seminal pa zamoyo wa Lori Endryus ananena kuti nkhanza n'zotheka kanthu njira ya kusanduka zidzayambitsa zikamera wa posthuman otchedwa, omwe ndi osiyana ndi a chi sizimadziwika ya makhalidwe. Komanso akuonetsa kuti kusokoneza njira zofunika monga ukalamba ndi moyo amayembekezeka, lomwe ndi kungofuna eugenics.

moyo wa munthu ndi chiyani? tanthauzo lake ndi ngati munthu angathe kutenga udindo wa Mlengi ndi chiyani? Nkhani zimenezi zakonzedwa bioethicists ambiri. Yankhani pa nthawiyo, pali ambiri, koma iwo akuoneka kuti sakufuna kukhala wotsimikizika, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti kuthetsa mavuto koyenela AZIDZAMENYANA m'badwo kuposa wina wa sayansi, ethicists, nzeru ena ndi azamulungu. Eugenics vuto woyenera iwo kulipira chidwi kwambiri.