Geology ndi sayansi ya chiyani? Kodi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amachita chiyani? Mavuto a zamoyo zamakono

"Sayansi yamaganizo ndi njira ya moyo," katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka akhoza kunena, poyankha funso lokhudza ntchito yake isanakhale yowuma ndi yosautsa, kufotokoza kuti geology ndi sayansi ya momwe dziko lapansili linakhalira, mbiri yake, kubadwa kwake Ndipo malamulo a chitukuko, ponena za kamodzi kosayembekezeka, ndi lero, chuma "choyesedwa" chachimake chake. Mapulaneti ena a dzuŵa ladzukulu amakhalanso kafukufuku wa geology.

Kulongosola kwa sayansi inayake kumayambira ndi mbiri ya kukhazikitsidwa kwake ndi kupanga mapangidwe, poiwala kuti nkhaniyo ili ndi mawu osamvetsetseka ndi matanthauzo, kotero ndi bwino kuyamba poyamba.

Maphunziro a kafukufuku wa geological

Cholinga chachikulu cha maphunziro omwe magawo onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito povumbulutsa mineral deposits (omwe amatchulidwa kuti MPOs) amatha "kupanikizidwa", makamaka, motere:: Kufufuza kafukufuku wa geological (mapu a malo otsika pamwamba pa miyala ndi ma geological) Kufufuza, kusunga mawerengero, lipoti la geological. Kafufuzidwe, kufufuza ndi kuvomerezedwa, mwachibadwa, mwachibadwa ndigawidwa magawo molingana ndi kukula kwa ntchito ndikuganizira momwe iwo amawathandizira.

Kuchita ntchito zovuta ngati zimenezi, gulu lonse la akatswiri a zapamwamba kwambiri zamagulu a geological zimakhudzidwa, zomwe katswiri weniweni wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ayenera kukhala nazo zambiri kuposa "pangТono pang'onopang'ono", chifukwa akuyang'anizana ndi ntchito yopanga zonsezi ndikumaliza kupeza chidziwitsocho Kapena kuti apange izo), popeza geology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira matumbo a dziko lapansi makamaka pofuna kukula kwa mchere.

Banja la sayansi ya sayansi

Monga sayansi zina zachilengedwe (sayansi, biology, chemistry, geography, ndi zina zotero), geology ndi ndondomeko yonse yothandizana ndi asayansi.

Zomwe zimayenderana ndi nthaka ndizomwe zimapangidwira nthaka, mineralogy, tectonics, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrologia, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, geology history, crystallography, hydrogeology, geology geology, volcanology ndi sedimentology.

Kugwiritsa ntchito, njira zamakono, zamakono, zachuma ndi zina za sayansi ya geology zikuphatikizapo sayansi ya sayansi, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, geography, geology ya minerals, geophysics, nthaka sayansi, geodesy, oceananology, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, cadastre ndi monitoring Maiko, malo oyendetsa nthaka, kayendetsedwe ka nyengo, zojambula zithunzi, meteorology ndi sayansi yambiri ya mlengalenga.

"Choyera", geology ya kumunda imakhala ikufotokozera, yomwe imapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi udindo wotsatsa makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe ake, choncho geology, pokhala ndi chilankhulo chake, monga sayansi zina, sichichita popanda philogi, malingaliro ndi makhalidwe.

Popeza njira zofufuzira ndi kufufuza, makamaka kumadera akutali, ndi ntchito yosasamalidwa, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo nthawizonse amakhala pansi pa kuyesedwa kwa kudzigonjera, koma mwachangu ndi mwabwino amapereka ziweruzo kapena zoganizira, ndipo mwatsoka, zimachitika. Zowononga "zopanda chilungamo" zingayambitse mavuto aakulu kwambiri muzinthu za sayansi ndi zolemba zachuma, choncho katswiri wa sayansiyi alibe kokha ufulu wonyenga, kupotoza ndi kulakwitsa, monga sapper kapena dokotala wa opaleshoni.

Mafupa a geoscience amamangidwa m'maganizo osiyana siyana (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, paleontology ndi geolo yoyenera, kuphatikizapo tectonics, stratigraphy ndi mbiri geology) zomwe zikuwonetseratu kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku ma atomu ndi mamolekyu ku dziko lapansi lonse.

Zonse mwa sayansizi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, monga geology palokha palinso tectonics, stratigraphy ndi mbiri geology.

Geochemistry

M'malo owona za sayansi iyi ndizo mavuto a kugawa kwa zinthu m'mlengalenga, hydrosphere ndi lithosphere.

Masiku ano geochemistry ndi zovuta zedi za sayansi, kuphatikizapo dera la geochemistry, biogeochemistry ndi njira zamagetsi zosamalira mineral deposits. Mutu wa phunziro la malamulo onsewa ndi malamulo a kusamuka kwa zinthu, zofunikira kuti azisamalidwa, kupatukana ndi kuwomboledwa, komanso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kupeza chinthu chilichonse kapena bungwe la angapo, makamaka pafupi ndi katundu.

Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo amachokera ku zinthu komanso maonekedwe a atomu ndi crystalline, pa data pa thermodynamic magawo omwe amasonyeza mbali ya kutsika kwa dziko lapansi kapena zipolopolo za munthu, komanso njira zomwe zimachitika ndi thermodynamic njira.

Ntchito yeniyeni yofufuza kafukufuku wa geochemical mu geology ndiyo kupezeka kwa MPO, choncho kuyerekezera kwa magetsi kwa mchere ndikumayendetsedweratu ndikuyendetsedwe ndi kufufuza kwa geochemical, malinga ndi zomwe zigawo zowonjezereka zimagawidwa.

Mineralogy

Chimodzi mwa magawo akulu ndi akale kwambiri a sayansi ya geological, kuphunzira dziko lalikulu, lokongola, losangalatsa komanso losadziwika kwambiri la mchere. Maphunziro, zolinga, zolinga ndi njira zomwe zimadalira ntchito zenizeni, zimayendetsedwa pazigawo zonse za kuyembekezera ndi kufufuza, ndipo zimaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kuwonetsetsa kuti mchere uli ndi mawonekedwe a microscopy ndi X ray.

Pakati pa kufufuza, kuyembekezera ndi kuyesa MPO, maphunziro amaphunzitsidwa kuti apeze njira zoyenera zofufuza ndikuwonetseratu zomwe zimapindulitsa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka za ntchito za geological komanso kuyesa malo osungirako zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo, zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zowonjezera zamchere zimakhazikitsidwa podziwa zowononga komanso zowononga, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zipangizo zamakono kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono.

Kuphatikiza pa kufufuza mwakuya kwa miyala, ntchito zazikulu za mineralogy akuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mchere mu mayanjano achilengedwe ndikukhazikitsa mfundo za msonkho wa mineral mitundu.

Crystallography

Pamene crystallography inkatengedwa kuti ndi gawo la mineralogy, ndipo mgwirizanowu pakati pawo ndi wachibadwa komanso woonekeratu, koma lero ndi sayansi yodziimira yekhayo ndi njira yake yofufuza. Ntchito za crystallography ndi kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane makonzedwe, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a makhiristo, njira zomwe amapangidwira ndi momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kusintha kumene kumachitika ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana.

Sayansi yamakristali imagawidwa mu thupi ndi mankhwala, crystallography, yomwe imaphunzira nthawi zonse kuti mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa makristasi, khalidwe lawo ndi zosiyana, malingana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe, ndi makina a crystallography, omwe ndi malamulo omwe amayimira mawonekedwe ndi makina ofiira.

Tectonics

Tectonics ndi imodzi mwa magawo akuluakulu a geology, omwe amafufuza momwe dziko lapansi limagwirira ntchito mu dongosolo la zomangamanga, zomwe zimapangidwira ndi chitukuko chosiyana ndi zosiyana siyana, zopunduka, kusweka kwapadera ndi kusokonezeka komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi njira zakuya.

Tectonics imagawidwa m'zigawo, zomangamanga (morphological), nthambi za mbiri yakale komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Utsogoleri wa chigawo umagwira ntchito monga mapulatifomu, mbale, zikopa, malo opangidwa, zozizwitsa za nyanja ndi nyanja, kusintha zolakwika, malo ozungulira, ndi zina zotero.

Chitsanzo ndi dongosolo la chigawo cha teteonic, lomwe limapanga geology ya Russia. Gawo la Ulaya la dzikoli lili pa nsanja ya East Europe, yomwe ili ndi miyala ya Precambrian magmatic ndi metamorphic. Dera lomwe lili pakati pa Urals ndi Yenisei lili pa nsanja ya West Siberia. Kuchokera ku Yenisei kupita ku Lena kumatambasula nsanja ya Siberia (Plateau ya Middle Siberia). Malo obwezedwawo amaimiridwa ndi mabatani a Ural-Mongolian, Pacific ndi mbali zina za Mediterranean.

Ma tectonics amodzimodzi, poyerekeza ndi gawo limodzi, maphunziro apansi.

Mbiri ya chiyambi ndi kupanga mapangidwe apamwamba a maonekedwe a nyanja ndi makontinenti akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi geotectonics yakale.

Malangizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito a tectonics akuphatikizapo kudziwika nthawi zonse pakuika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya MPO pokhudzana ndi mitundu ina ya maonekedwe ndi zochitika zawo.

Mu "mercantile" geological sense, zolakwitsa m'nthaka za dziko lapansi zimatengedwa ngati njira zowonjezeramo komanso zinthu zolamulira.

Paleontology

Tanthauzo lenileni lakuti "sayansi ya anthu akale," paleontology amaphunzira zamoyo zokhala ndi zamoyo, zotsalira zawo ndi zochitika zofunika kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa chokhalitsa miyala ya dziko lapansi. Kusowa kwa paleontology kumaphatikizapo ntchito yokonzanso chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsera ndondomeko yosinthika kwa chilengedwe pa maziko a deta yomwe imapezeka chifukwa cha kukonzanso maonekedwe, zamoyo, njira zoberekera ndi kudyetsa zamoyo zakale.

Kwa zizindikiro zoonekeratu, paleontology imagawidwa pa paleozoology ndi paleobotanical.

Zamoyo zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo awo azikhalamo, choncho ndizo zizindikiro zodalirika zomwe zimapangidwira miyala. Chifukwa chake kugwirizana pakati pa geology ndi paleontology.

Pa maziko a maphunziro a paleontolo, mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za matanthauzo a zaka zenizeni za zochitika za geological, geochronological scale inalembedwa, momwe mbiriyakale ya Dziko lapansi yagawilidwira kukhala magulu a geological (Archaean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic ndi Cenozoic). Nthawi imatha nthawi, ndipo izi zimagawanika.

Tikukhala mu nthawi ya Pleistocene (zaka zikwi makumi awiri zapitazo mpaka lero) ya nyengo ya Quaternary, yomwe inayamba pafupi zaka 1 miliyoni zapitazo.

Petrography

Kuphunzira za mchere wonyansa, miyala ya metamorphic ndi sedimentary, chikhalidwe chawo ndi maonekedwe ake amachitidwa ndi petrography (petrolo). Kafukufuku akugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito microscope yopanga makina opangira kuwala. Pochita izi, magawo ochepa (0.03-0.02 mm) amadulidwa kuchokera ku miyala, kenaka amathira ku galasi la galasi ndi balsam ya Canada (zooneka bwino za utomoniwu zili pafupi ndi magalasi).

Mchere amadziwika bwino kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe awo amadziwika kuti miyala ndi miyala yake. Zithunzi zosokoneza mu gawo lochepa zimafanana ndi machitidwe a kaleidoscope.

Kupanga miyala ya miyala ya pansi pa nthaka kumakhala malo apadera pa sayansi ya sayansi. Zomwe zili zofunikira komanso zothandiza kwambiri ndizo chifukwa chakuti kafukufuku wamakono ndi akale omwe akukhala pafupi ndi 70 peresenti ya dziko lapansi.

Zojambula zamagetsi

Sayansi yamagetsi ndi sayansi ya zinthu zomwe zimapangidwanso, zakuthupi ndi zamakina, mapangidwe, zochitika ndi mphamvu zam'mwamba za dziko lapansi, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chuma, makamaka zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga za munthu.

Zofufuza za sayansi zimayesetsa kufufuza bwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zachuma zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu.

Tikakumbukira kuti, malinga ndi njira yotsogolere, sayansi yachilengedwe imagawidwa mu sayansi yotsindika ndi yeniyeni, geology yamagetsi, ndithudi, imatanthawuzira kwa omaliza, mosiyana ndi ambiri a "makomera ake mu shopu."

Zamoyo Zamadzi

Zingakhale zopanda chilungamo kunyalanyaza mbali yaikulu ya geology yomwe imaphunzira momwe zinthu zimayendera komanso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chilengedwe cha pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja. Ngati titsatira ndondomeko yochepa kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino yomwe imapanga geology (chiphunzitso cha dziko lapansi), ndiye kuti geology yamadzi ndi sayansi yam'nyanja yamchere (oceanic), ikuphatikiza nthambi zonse za "geological tree" (tectonics, petrography, lithology, geology ndi quaternary geology, paleogeography , Stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, geophysics, chiphunzitso cha mchere, etc.).

Kafukufuku m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja akupangidwa kuchokera ku zombo zowonongeka, kuzungulira ndi kubwezera pansi (pa shelves). Kwa sampuli, kuwonjezera pa kubowola, kudula, kugwiritsira ntchito pansi grabbers ndi molunjika-kupyolera mu mapaipi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mothandizidwa ndi magalimoto odziimira ndi okhaokha, maulendo owonetsera, ma TV, seismic, magnetometric ndi geolocation akuchitidwa.

Masiku ano, mavuto ambiri a sayansi yamakono samakonzedweratu, ndipo akuphatikizapo zinsinsi zosadziwika za nyanja ndi chigawo chake. Geology yapamadzi imalemekezedwa osati chifukwa cha sayansi "chinsinsi chofotokozera," komanso kuti adziwe mchere wambiri wa World Ocean.

Ntchito yayikuluyi ya nthambi yamakono yamakono ya geology ndiyo kuphunzira mbiriyakale ya kukula kwa nyanja yamtunda ndikuwonetsa zochitika zenizeni za kayendedwe kake.

Zolemba zakale ndi sayansi ya malamulo omwe akutsogolera kukula kwa dziko lapansi ndi dziko lapansi lonselo m'mbiri yakale yomwe idakonzedweratu kuyambira nthawi yomwe yapangidwa mpaka masiku athu. Kuphunzira mbiri ya kupanga mapangidwe a lithosphere n'kofunika chifukwa kayendetsedwe ka tectonic ndi kupunduka kumeneku kumawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunachitika pa Dziko lapansi m'mayendedwe akale a geological.

Tsopano, pokhala ndi lingaliro lodziwika la geology, munthu akhoza kutembenukira ku chiyambi chake.

Zotsatira za mbiri ya Earth science

Ziri zovuta kunena kuti mbiri yakale ya geology imabwerera kumapeto kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma munthu wa Neanderthal anadziwiratu kale kuti apange mpeni kapena nkhwangwa pogwiritsa ntchito mwala kapena obsidian (galasi lamoto).

Kuyambira nthawi ya munthu wakale mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, kuyambira kwa sayansi ya kusonkhanitsa ndi kupanga mapangidwe a geological, makamaka zazitsulo zamatabwa, miyala yomanga, salt ndi madzi apansi, anapitiriza. Pa miyala, minerals ndi njira za chilengedwe pakumasulira nthawiyo zinayambira kale kale.

Pofika m'zaka za zana la 13, migodi ku Asia yakhala ikukula ndipo maziko a zida za migodi ndi ore akuwonekera.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800, zaka zapakati pa 1800 ndi 1600, dziko la Germany (J. Bruno, G. Galilei, N. Copernicus) limatsimikiziridwa, mafotokozedwe a N. Stenon, Leonardo da Vinci ndi G. Bauer akubadwa, komanso ziphunzitso za P-cosmogonic za P Descartes ndi G. Leibniz.

Panthawi ya mapangidwe a geology monga sayansi (zaka za XVIII-XIX.) Zikuwoneka zozizwitsa za P. Laplace ndi I. Kant ndi maganizo a MV Lomonosov, J. Buffon. (I. Lehman, G. Füksel) ndi paleontology (J.B. Lamarck, V. Smith) akuwonekera, crystallography (R.J. Gauyi, M.V. Lomonosov), mineralogy (I.J. Berzelius, A. Kronstedt, VM Severgin, KF Moos, ndi ena), mapu a geological akuyamba.

Panthawi imeneyi, malo oyambirira a nthaka ndi maiko a dziko lapansi amapangidwa.

Popeza theka lachiwiri la XIX kwa zaka za m'ma XX zochitika kwambiri anali kuzipenya miyala ya Charles Darwin, kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso cha nsanja ndi geosynclines, zikamera wa palaeogeography, petrography chitukuko chida, majini ndi ongolankhula mineralogy, pakutchulidwa mfundo chiphalaphala ndi ziphunzitso za madipoziti miyala. Mafuta anayamba kutuluka nthaka ndi geophysics apeze patsogolo (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry ndi seismology). Mu 1882, Komiti ya Russia Geological anakhazikitsidwa.

Modern nthaka nthawi chitukuko anayamba m'ma XX atumwi, pamene sayansi ya Earth anatengera makompyuta ndipo anapeza zida zatsopano labotale zipangizo ndi hardware, wakupatsani Zitatero ndi maphunziro Geological ndi geophysical a m'nyanja ndi mapulaneti yapafupi.

Zomwe kwambiri sayansi anali chiphunzitso cha metasomatic magawidwe Korzhinsky, chiphunzitso cha facies metamorphism chiphunzitso Strakhov pa mitundu ya Lithogenesis, kumayambiriro njira geochemical wa zinthu zimene kwa madipoziti miyala ndi ena.

Motsogozedwa AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo ndi A. A. Bogdanova chidakupangitsani kukawona mapu tectonic la Europe ndi Asia, wopangidwa atlases paleogeographic.

Anayamba kupanga lingaliro la tectonics yatsopano padziko lonse (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain etc ...), Far patsogolo analowa geodynamics, kukonza nthaka ndi hydrogeology, ndondomeko ya malangizo atsopano mu nthaka - zachilengedwe, zomwe lero wakhala patsogolo.

mavuto yamakono ya nthaka

Masiku ano, mavuto ambiri chachikulu nkhani za sayansi kukhala osathetsedwa, ndi nkhani zimenezi zili osachepera mazana. Tikuyankhula zokhudza maziko zamoyo chikumbumtima, zinsinsi za kukumbukira, chikhalidwe cha nthawi ndi mphamvu yokoka, chiyambi cha nyenyezi, mabowo wakuda ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu zina dziko. Pa nthaka gawo waponya mavuto ambiri amene ali koma kuti kumvetsa. Izi nkhawa makamaka kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera wa chilengedwe chonse, komanso njira zikuchitika mkatimo Earth.

Today ukuwonjezeka nthaka phindu chifukwa kufunika kulamulira ndi mlandu anaopseza kukula kwa zoopsa Geological zotsatira za ntchito mwachisawawa zachuma, kukulitsa mavuto a zachilengedwe.

Geological lomenyera Russia

Mapangidwe Geological mapangidwe masiku ano Russia amagwirizana ndi kutsegula kwa St. Petersburg Corps migodi Akatswiri (Tsogolo la Institute Migodi) ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa University Moscow, ndi kuyanga inayamba mu 1930, anakhazikitsidwa mu Leningrad, ndi ndipo umasamutsidwa ku Institute Moscow wa nthaka (tsopano jini AH CCCP).

Today Geological Institute ndi mabungwe kutsogolera kafukufuku m'munda wa stratigraphy, lithology, tectonics ndi mbiri miyala ya vuto la Sciences. Ntchito yaikulu kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa mavuto zovuta chachikulu kapangidwe ndi mapangidwe zikuluzikulu ndi chokhala kutumphuka, kuphunzira kwa zamoyo wa thanthwe mapangidwe m'maiko ndi sedimentation mu nyanja, geochronology, ndi malumikizanidwe lonse njira Geological ndi zochitika, ndi ena.

Mwa njira, kuloŵedwa m'malo a jini anali Mineralogical Museum, anadzatchedwa mu chaka cha 1898 mu Museum wa nthaka, kenako m'chaka cha 1912 mu Geological ndi Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Popeza chiyambi cha maziko a mapangidwe miyala mu Russia zinali zochokera pa mfundo trinity: sayansi - chiphunzitso - kumapeto. Mfundo imeneyi, ngakhale chipwirikiti cha perestroika, nthaka maphunziro akhale lero.

Mu 1999, zochita za Board kwa Utumiki wa Education ndi Natural Resources a Russia linavomereza mfundo ndi mapangidwe miyala imene wadutsa chitsimikizo chochokera mu sukulu ndi magulu kupanga "kukula" ndodo miyala.

Today maphunziro Geological akupezeka oposa 30 mayunivesite Russian.

Ndipo tiyeni tipite "kufufuza nayonso" kapena kusiya "mu steppe sweltering" mu nthawi yathu - si monga zapamwamba monga kamodzi, ntchito, miyala ndi nthaka amasankha ake chifukwa "wachimwemwe, munthu bwino ndi lingaliro chowawa msewu" ...