Russian ndakatulo Apollon Grigoryev: yonena, zilandiridwenso

m'ma 19 popanda chifukwa lotchedwa golide zaka ndakatulo Russian. Panthawi imeneyi, ife analenga ojambula zithunzi zambiri mawu, amene anali Apollon Grigoriev. yonena wake, m'nkhaniyi adzakupatsani inu lingaliro ambiri za munthu uyu luso. Apollon Aleksandrovich Grigorev (zaka za moyo - 1822-1864) amadziwika monga wolemba ndakatulo Russian womasulira, zisudzo ndi zolembalemba wotsutsa, memoirist.

Origin A. A. Grigoreva

Apollon Aleksandrovich anabadwa mu Moscow pa July 20, 1822. agogo ake anali mlimi amene anabwera ku Moscow kugwira ntchito kuchokera m'chigawo lakutali. M'ntchito zawo ku ntchito Civil Service munthu uyu knighthood. Monga atate wake Apollon Grigoriev, kumvera chifuniro cha makolo ndi zogwirizana miyoyo yawo ndi mwana wamkazi wa dalaivala serf. Only chaka atabadwa mwana wake Apollo makolo tinakwatirana, kotero ndakatulo tsogolo ankamuona ngati mwana wapathengo. Apollo Grigoriev anakwanitsa kutenga otchuka munthu yekhayo mu 1850, pamene adali mu udindo wa phungu titular. Noble mutu Choncho wabwezeretsedwa.

nthawi ya maphunziro, zachipembedzo ntchito

Wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo anaphunzitsidwa kunyumba. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti achite yomweyo University Moscow, kudutsa sukulu yapamwamba. Pano, pa Law School anapita ku nkhani ya M. P. Pogodina, T. N. Granovskogo, SP Shevyreva ndi ena. Ngwazi athu anali wophunzira wina Ya. P. Polonsky ndi A. A. Fet. Ndi iwo limayendetsa zolembalemba bwalo imene achinyamata ndakatulo kuwerenga ntchito zawo wina ndi mnzake. Mu 1842 anamaliza ku University of Apollon Aleksandrovich. Pambuyo pake, ntchito mu laibulale, ndipo anakhala Mlembi wa Board. Komabe, Grigoriev sanapatsidwe ntchito zachipembedzo - ndondomeko anali osasamala, anaiwala Uwerenge ndi kufalitsa mabuku.

buku loyamba

Kuyambira 1843 nayamba kulalikira Apollon Grigoriev. ndakatulo wake anaonekera wokangalika nthawi kuchokera 1843 mpaka 1845 chinathandiza maganizo izi unrequited kwa A. F. Korsh. mfundo zambiri za mawu Grigorieva anafotokoza ndendende kukonda sewero - akulembayo ndi maganizo mosadziletsa, amapha chilakolako, chikondi tikulimbana. Nthawiyi ndi ndakatulo "nyenyezi", pomwe chisokonezeko chikondi poyerekeza ndi njira danga ndakatulo. amenewa alipo woyamba zikuchokera prose Apollo Alexandrovich, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a tsikulo ndi. ntchito amatchedwa "Masamba a pamanja akuyendayenda wosokoneza" (olembedwa mu 1844, lofalitsidwa mu 1917).

Zaka za moyo wake mu St. Petersburg

Olemedwa ndi ngongole, owonongedwa patapita kukhumudwa chifukwa cha chikondi, Grigoriev anaganiza kuyamba moyo watsopano. Anazemba anapita ku St. Petersburg, kumene iye anali anzako. Grigoriev mu nthawi kuchokera 1844 mpaka 1845 anatumikira mu Senate ndi khalidwe bungwe, koma kenako kusiya utumiki n'cholinga choti nthawi zake zonse kulemba. Grigoriev analemba sewero ndi ndakatulo ndi prose, ndi sewero, ndi kutsutsa zolembalemba. Mu 1844-1846 gg. Apollon Aleksandrovich ali anathandizana ndi "repertoire ndi Pantheon." Magazini anatenga mapangidwe ake, monga wolemba. Iye nkhani yovuta pa phunziro la zisudzo, ndemanga za zisudzo, komanso kwambiri andakatulo ndi sewero vesi "Awiri kudzikonda" (mu 1845). Pomwepo adadza trilogy wake, yoyamba - "Munthu M'tsogolo ', wachiwiri -" kudziŵana ndi Vitalina "ndi chomaliza -" Ophelia ". Apollon Grigoriev anali nawo ntchito yomasulira (panali "Antigone wa Sophocles" mu 1846, "Sukulu Amuna Moliere" ndi ntchito zina).

Kubwerera ku Moscow

Grigoriev anali chikhalidwe wopatsa kuti anamuika kusintha zikhulupiriro, kuthamangira ngakhale wina ndi mzake, kufunafuna zolinga zatsopano ndi chikondi. Mu 1847, pachabe St. Petersburg, anabwerera Moscow. Apa adayamba kugwirizana ndi nyuzipepala "Moscow City tsamba". Mwa ntchito za nthawi imeneyi, tisaiwale 4 Nkhani Grigorieva "Gogol ndi buku lake atsopano," analengedwa mu 1847.

ukwati

Mu chaka chomwecho, Apollon Aleksandrovich zomangira mfundo. mkazi Apollon Grigoriev anali mlongo wake wa A. F. Korsh. Koma posakhalitsa, chifukwa makhalidwe ake zosafunikira ukwati anali tinalepheretsa. Grigoryev anayambanso nyengo ya kusauka kwa maganizo ndi kukhumudwa. ntchito zambiri nthawi imeneyi, moyo ndakatulo, ndipo mwina sakadaifika analenga ngati si kwa mkazi Apollona Grigoreva ndi khalidwe lake zosafunikira. Panthawi imeneyi, Apollon Aleksandrovich lofalitsidwa mkombero ndakatulo yakuti "Diary chikondi ndi pemphero." Mu 1879, iye anali kwathunthu lofalitsidwa dongosolo, atamwalira Apollon Grigoriev. Ndakatulo n'kuikamo amadzipereka mlendo okongola ndi chikondi unrequited iye.

Chiphunzitso, Grigoriev wotsutsa

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1848 mpaka 1857 Apollon Aleksandrovich anali mphunzitsi. Asogolera jurisprudence mu masukulu angapo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anathandizana ndi magazini ndipo analenga ntchito yatsopano. Mu 1850, Gregory anzanga ndi akonzi a "Moskvityanin". Adakonza "wamng'ono mkonzi ndodo" ndi A. N. Ostrovskim. Ndipotu, anali kutsutsa wa dipatimenti "Moskvityanin".

Monga wotsutsa Apollon Grigoriev pa nthawi imeneyi amakhala chithunzi zikuluzikulu mabwalo zisudzo. Iye analalikira mwachibadwa ndiponso Kuzindikira kuchita zinthu ndi playwriting. zinthu zambiri ndi masewero anayamikira Apollon Grigoriev. About "Mphepo" Ostrovsky analemba kwakukulu monga mogometsa. Ubwino waukulu wa kusewera wotsutsa ndinaganiza luso kulemba mwa ndakatulo ndi molondola amasonyeza Russian moyo national. Grigoriev anati chithumwa moyo akuzigawo ndi chilengedwe chokongola Russian ndi zochitika za tsoka otchulidwa mankhwala, nkomwe kwambiri.

Apollon Grigoriev chikudziwika ngati wolemba mawu oti "Pushkin - zonse." Chirengedwe cha Alexander, ndithudi, iye anapereka kwambiri. Mfundo zake ndi chidwi kwambiri, makamaka zimene ananena za Apollo Grigoryev Evgenii Onegine. Anthu ena amanena kuti maganizo Eugene likugwirizana chibadidwe kutsutsa zake zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi achilendo Russian nzeru. Apollon Aleksandrovich ananena kuti anthu si amene amachititsa kuti kukhumudwa ndi ndulu, kusesa Onegin. Iye ananena kuti iwo amapeza wosakhazikika ndi mkwiyo, ngati Childe Harold, ndipo Eugene wa mphatso.

Mu 1856, "Moskvityanin" chinatsekedwa. Pambuyo kuti Apollo Alexandrovich anaitanidwa magazini ena, monga "Contemporary" ndi "kucheza Russian." Komabe, iye anali wofunitsitsa osalola pokhapokha ngati malangizo munthu yovuta dipatimenti. Choncho, zokambirana kenako mapeto mabuku ndakatulo, nkhani komanso mabaibulo Grigorieva.

chikondi chatsopano

Mu 1852-57 gg. Grigorev Apollon Aleksandrovich kukumbukira chikondi unrequited, nthawi imeneyi ti mfiti. Mu 1857 anaonekera ndakatulo mkombero "ndewu," womwenso wotchuka kwambiri mavesi Grigorieva "Chihangare Gypsy" ndi "O, ndiuzeni osachepera muli ndi ine ...". Blok otchedwa ntchito izi ngale Russian mawu.

Ulendo kwa Europe

Apollon Grigoriev, anakhala namkungwi ndi namkungwi Prince I. Yu. Trubetskogo, anapita ku Ulaya (Italy, France). Mu nthawi kuchokera 1857 mpaka 1858 iye ankakhala Florence ndi Paris, kuyendera zakale. Kunyumba, Grigoriev anapita kusindikiza, kuyambira 1861 ndi mwachangu collaborating ndi magazini "umodzi" ndi "Time", omwe anali kuyang'anira Fyodor M. M. Dostoevskie ndi. Dostoevsky analangiza Apollonu Aleksandrovichu kulenga memoir a mbadwo watsopano wa chitukuko, ndi kuti adatengedwa Apollo Grigoriev. akusoŵa zikuphatikizapo "Mai zolembalemba ndi makhalidwe skitalchestva" - zotsatira za chiweruzo akufuna mutu.

Ndi akatswiri zokongoletsa maganizo Grigorieva

Ndi akatswiri zokongoletsa maganizo Grigoriev anapanga mchikakamizo Slavophilism (Khomyakova) ndi Achikondi (EMERSON, Schelling, Carlyle). Anadziŵanso kwambiri achipembedzo komanso mayiko-wa umutu mfundo mu moyo wa anthu. Komabe, ntchito yake pamodzi ndi Kutsutsa m'dera mtheradi kuyambira maweruzo puritanical za mabuku. Apollon Aleksandrovich komanso kumbuyo lingaliro la mgwirizano mitundu ya zi- ndipo pambuyo Petrine nthawi. Iye amakhulupirira kuti Westernism ndi Slavophilism khalidwe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa njira zakale moyo, umboni kalelo. Komabe, malinga Grigoriev, ndi yabwino gulu la Slavophiles zokhudza kuposa Westernism pulogalamu kuti amazindikira kugwirizana kwake koyenera (yunifolomu anthu m'chipindacho).

Grigorieva kaonedwe mokwanira amasonyezedwa podzudzula chiphunzitso organic analenga. Lingaliro kwambiri zotsutsa organic limafanana ndi kumvetsa chikhalidwe organic la zojambulajambula, limene ophatikizidwa synthetically zosiyanasiyana zamoyo anayamba. Malinga ndi iye, luso - gawo la moyo, akuti kwake koyenera, osati buku la zenizeni.

makamaka ndakatulo

ndakatulo Grigoriev ndi kusanduka mchikakamizo cha Lermontov. Apollon Aleksandrovich ankadzitcha otsiriza chikondi. Zolinga za disharmony wa dziko ndi mavuto chiyembekezo zili zofunika ntchito yake. Kawirikawiri adzasefukira mu osaneneka mchitidwe zosangalatsa, chipwirikiti. Ambiri a ndakatulo Grigorieva (makamaka vuto la mzindawo) chifukwa lathu pachimake chikhalidwe zinali zovuta kufalitsa. Izi zinali zotheka kutsidya kwa nyanja Russian osindikizira. Ambiri, ndife chidwi zotsatira ndakatulo ya wolemba womangidwa kwambiri, koma analenga zabwino za kuwala osiyana ndi mtima kwapadera.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Apollon Grigoriev moyo wake kuli ndi lachinsinsi Slavophile ndi Freemason, mdani-polemicist ndi mzanga wabwino, chimasanduka chadzaoneni ndi munthu makhalidwe. Pomaliza, monyanyira onsewa anathyola iye. Apollon Grigoriev akodwa ngongole. Mu 1861, anakakamizika kukhala mu ndende ngongole. Pambuyo pake, nthawi yotsiriza anayesa kusintha moyo wake, amene anapita Orenburg. Apa Grigoriev anali mphunzitsi mu Cadet Corps. Komabe, ulendo uwu vutoli okha chikhalidwe cha ndakatulo iyi. Komanso, kamodzinso panali kusiya mkazi wake M. F. Dubrovskoy. Apollon Aleksandrovich kunadetsa anafuna anaiwalika mu vinyo. Pochokera Orenburg, izo ntchito, koma ndi zosokoneza. Grigoriev kupewedwa pafupi maphwando zolembalemba, anangobwera kutumikira luso.

Imfa A. A. Grigoreva

Mu 1864 Apollonu Aleksandrovichu anali kutumikira kawiri mu ndende ngongole. Kwathunthu wotopa maganizo zokumana nazo, mu St. Petersburg ndi sitiroko ndi anamwalira Apollon Grigoriev. yonena wake umatha September 25, 1864.