GMO: Kupindula kapena kuvulaza? Zakudya zosinthidwa ndi zamoyo. Malamulo oyendetsa malamulo

Mutu wa nkhaniyi ndi: "GMO: Kupindula kapena kuvulaza?". Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsa nkhaniyi popanda tsankho. Ndipotu, ndizosavuta kuchita zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhaniyi ndi kuchimwa lero. Masiku ano m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi (kuphatikizapo Russia) mfundo ya GMO yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokamba za "mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti matenda ndi kusintha." Kuchokera kumbali zonse, ma GMO amatsanulira dothi panthawi zosiyanasiyana: osalimba, osatetezeka, amaopseza chakudya cha ufulu wa dziko lathu. Koma kodi zakudya zowonongeka zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zotani? Tiyeni tiyankhe mafunso awa.

Kufotokozera za lingaliro

Mitundu ya GMO ndi zamoyo zosinthika, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi njira zomangamanga. Lingaliro limeneli limapita kwa zomera mopepuka. M'mbuyomu, abusa osiyanasiyana, monga Michurin, ankafuna ntchito zothandiza zomera pogwiritsa ntchito zidule zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizanso, makamaka kukulumikizitsa zipatso za mitengo ina pa ena kapena kusankha kusaka mbewu ndi makhalidwe ena okha. Pambuyo pake, kunali koyenera kuyembekezera nthawi yaitali zotsatira, zomwe zidatha pambuyo pa mibadwo ingapo. Masiku ano, jini yomwe ikufunidwa ikhoza kusamutsidwa ku malo abwino ndipo mwamsanga mutenge zomwe mukufuna. Ndiko kuti, GMO ndiyo njira yowonetsera chisinthiko m'njira yoyenera, ikufulumizitsa.

Cholinga choyambirira chochotsera GMOs

Cholinga cha kubereketsa GMOs poyamba chinali kuonjezera zokolola za zomera zosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera kukana kwawo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya (kusowa kwa zakudya, chilala), kutuluka kwachisokonezo kwa mavairasi, kutayirira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, asayansi amafuna kupeza zomera zomwe zingamere pang'onopang'ono mtengo, zimapereka zokolola zambiri ndipo potero kuthetsa vuto la chakudya. Ndipo nkhaniyi ndi yovuta lero m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Pano pali cholinga chachikulu chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi genetic engineering ndi biotechnology, kulenga GMOs.

Kodi GMO imapanga bwanji?

Njira zambiri zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga chomera cha GMO. Njira yodziwika kwambiri lero ndi njira ya transgenes. Geni yowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, jini yotsutsana ndi chilala) chifukwa ichi chiri chokhachokha mwadongosolo la DNA. Zitatha izi, zimayambira mu DNA ya zomera, zomwe ziyenera kusintha.

Matenda amatha kutengedwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, njirayi imatchedwa cystogenesis. Transgenesis imachitika pamene jini imachotsedwa ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ndizo zakumapeto kuti nkhani zoopsya zimapita. Anthu ambiri, ataphunzira kuti tirigu lerolino alipo ndi majeremusi otchedwa scorpion, ayambe kuganiza ngati iwo omwe adya izo, zidutswa ndi mchira sizidzabwerera. Mabuku ambiri osaphunzira pa masewera ndi ma webusaiti amapanga mafuta pamoto. Lero nkhani za GMO, ubwino kapena kuvulazidwa komwe zikukambidwa, sizinathenso kufunikira kwake. Komabe, ichi sizinthu zokhazo "akatswiri", atsopano ku biochemistry ndi biology, amawopseza ogula ogulitsa mankhwala omwe ali ndi GMOs.

Ili ndi mankhwala a GMO

Masiku ano, zinthu zoterezi zagwirizana kuti zizitchula zonse zomwe zamoyo zomwe zasinthidwa ndi zamoyo kapena zinthu zilizonse zomwe zili ndi ziwalo za zamoyozi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chakudya cha GMO sichingokhala mbatata zokha kapena zokolola, koma ndi sausages, zomwe zimaphatikizapo chiwindi ndi sodium nitrate, GMO soya amawonjezeredwa. Koma kupanga nyama ya ng'ombe, yomwe idadyetsedwa tirigu omwe ali ndi GMOs, sikungaganizidwe ngati mankhwalawa.

Zotsatira za GMO pa thupi la munthu

Atolankhani omwe samvetsetsa nkhani monga genetic engineering ndi biotechnology, koma kumvetsa kufunikira ndi kufunikira kwa vuto la GMO, anayambitsa bata, kulowa m'matumbo ndi m'mimba, maselo omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndiyeno amatengedwera kumatenda ndi ziwalo , Amene zimayambitsa khansa ndi kusintha kwa thupi.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiwembu chodabwitsa sichiri chenichenicho. Chakudya chilichonse, popanda ma GMO kapena m'mimba, m'mimba ndi m'mimba, chimasokonezeka pamatenda a m'mimba, kutsekemera kwa mpweya ndi chapamimba m'magawo ake, ndipo si majeremusi kapena mapuloteni. Izi ndi amino acid, triglycerides, shuga wosavuta ndi mafuta acids. Zonsezi m'magawo osiyanasiyana a m'mimba ndiyeno zimalowa m'magazi, kenako zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana: kupeza mphamvu (shuga), monga zinthu zomangira (amino acid), kuti zikhale ndi mafuta (mafuta).

Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutenga zamoyo zamtunduwu (kunena, apulo yoipa yomwe imawoneka ngati nkhaka), idzafunidwa kuti ichepetse ndikuphwasulidwa mu zigawo zake mofanana ndi zina zilizonse popanda GMOs.

Nkhani zina zoopsa za GMO

Bicycle ina, yomwe imasokoneza moyo, imatanthawuza kuti mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amamangidwa m'thupi la munthu , zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zoopsa monga kusabereka ndi khansa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2012, Achifalansa analemba za khansa m'magulu omwe anapatsidwa tirigu wosinthidwa. Kwenikweni, Giles-Eric Seralini, mtsogoleri wa kuyesayesa, anapanga chitsanzo chokhala ndi makoswe 200 a Sprague-Dowley. Mwa izi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse omwe amadyetsa mbewu za chimanga cha GMO, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu - mankhwala a herbicide opangidwa ndi chimanga chosinthidwa, ndi mbewu zowonjezera. Chotsatira chake, makoswe aakazi, kudya zamoyo zopangidwa ndi mavitamini (GMO), adayambitsa matenda 80% mkati mwa zaka ziwiri. Amuna apindula pa zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso matenda opatsirana. Kawirikawiri, pa zakudya zokhazokha, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zinyama zinafanso ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Mphunoyi imakhala yowonongeka mwadzidzidzi, osati yogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha zakudya. Choncho, kuyera kwa kuyesayesa kungaoneke ngati kokayikakayika, ndipo kunadziwika ngati kosadziwika komanso kosagwirizana ndi sayansi.

Kufufuza komweku kunachitidwa kale, mu 2005, m'dziko lathu. GMO ku Russia anaphunzira katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo Ermakova. Anapereka pamsonkhano ku Germany lipoti lonena za kufa kwakukulu kwa makoswe a GMO. Anatsimikiziridwa mu mawu oyesera asayansi atayamba kufalikira kuzungulira dziko lapansi, kubweretsa amayi achichepere ku hysteria. Ndipotu, anayenera kudyetsa ana awo ndi zosakaniza zopangira. Ndipo amagwiritsira ntchito GMO ya soya. Akatswiri asanu ochokera ku Nature Biotechnology anavomera mtsogolomu kuti zotsatira za kuyesa kwa Russia ndi zosawerengeka, ndipo kudalirika kwake sikudziwika.

Ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti ngakhale DNA yachilendo ili m'magazi a munthu, chidziwitso cha majini sichidzaikidwa mu thupi mwanjira iliyonse ndipo sichidzatsogolera ku chirichonse. Inde, m'chilengedwe, pali ziwalo zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'zinthu zachilendo za zidutswa za genome. Makamaka, mabakiteriya ena motere amachititsa kuti majeremusi a ntchentche asokonezeke. Komabe, zozizwitsa zofananazi sizinafotokozedwe ndi nyama zakutali. Kuphatikiza apo, chidziwitso cha majini ndi zopangira popanda GMOs ndizokwanira. Ndipo ngati simunapangidwe ndi maonekedwe a munthu mpaka pano, ndizotheka kupitiriza kudya mwakachetechete zomwe thupi limadya, kuphatikizapo GMOs.

Kupindula kapena kuvulaza?

"Monsanto," kampani ina ya ku America, yomwe inali kale mu 1982, inabweretsa kumsika wogulitsa zakudya: soya ndi thonje. Amakhalanso ndi wolemba zakupha zomera zonse, kupatulapo ma genetically modified, herbicide "Roundup".

Mu 1996, pamene malonda a Monsanto anaponyedwa m'misika, makampani omwe akulimbana nawo kuti asunge ndalama zawo adayambitsa ntchito yaikulu yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mankhwala a GMO. Woyamba kuzunzidwa anali Arpad Pusthai, wasayansi wa ku Britain. Anadyetsa mbatata za GMO ndi makoswe. Komabe, pambuyo pake akatswiri anafalitsa zonse zomwe wasayansi uyu amawerengera kwa nthiti.

Zowonongeka kwa a Russia ku GMO mankhwala

Palibe amene amabisala kuti palibe chomwe chikukula pazofesedwa ndi nthaka za tirigu za GMO, kupatula paokha. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti mitundu ya thonje kapena soya, yosagwirizana ndi herbicides, musawagwire. Momwemo, amatha kupukutidwa, kukwaniritsa zitsamba zina zonse.

Glyphosphate ndi yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya herbicide. Amathiridwa nthawi zambiri asanayambe kuphuka kwa zomera ndipo amatha kuwonongeka mwa iwo, osakhala panthaka. Komabe, zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi GMO zimapangitsa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mochulukirapo, zomwe zimayambitsa chiopsezo cha glyphosphate mu zomera za GMO. Zimadziwikanso kuti mankhwalawa amachititsa kuti mafupa akule komanso kunenepa kwambiri. Ndipo ku Latin America ndi ku United States, pali anthu ambiri omwe ali olemera kwambiri.

Chomera chimodzi chokha chimapangidwira ma GMO ambiri. Ndiko kuti, mbeu sidzapereka zomwe zidzakula kuchokera kwa iwo. Mwinamwake, izi ndi malonda a malonda, chifukwa njirayi malonda a GMO akuwonjezeka. Mitengo yosinthidwa yomwe imapereka mbadwo wotsatira, ulipo mwangwiro.

Popeza kuti kusintha kwa majeremusi (mwachitsanzo, mu soya kapena mbatata) kungapangitse kuti mankhwalawa asokonezeke, nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti GMOs ndizovuta. Koma kulephera kwa mapuloteni omwe amadziwa mitundu ina yamtundu sikumayambitsa matendawa ngakhale kwa omwe anazunza kale pa mankhwalawa.

Chifukwa cha zamoyo zamtunduwu, zomera za GMO zingachepetse mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yawo. Ngati malo awiriwa ali pafupi, pesa tirigu wamba ndi GMO tirigu, pangakhale chiopsezo kuti kawirikawiri zidzasinthira, kusintha mungu. Komabe, nkokayikitsa kuti wina akanawalola kuti akule pafupi.

Posiya ndalama zawo zokhazokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za GMO zokha, makamaka zotayika, boma lidzatha kumadalira chakudya pa makampani omwe ali ndi ngongole.

Misonkhano ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa Rospotrebnadzor

Pambuyo pa zoopsa zonse ndi zochitika za GMO zomwe zinabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza muzinthu zonse zofalitsa, Rospotrebnadzor adakhala nawo pamisonkhano yambiri pa nkhaniyi. Pamsonkhano wa ku Italy mu March 2014, nthumwi zake zinagwirizana nawo pazowonjezereka zamakono pa zamoyo zomwe zinasinthidwa ku Russia. Lero, lero, maphunzirowa anavomerezedwa kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito kotheratu ku malonda a zakudya m'dziko lathu. Kugwiritsira ntchito zomera za GMO mu ulimi kunachedwetsedwanso, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za GMO kunakonzedwa kuyamba mu 2013 (lamulo la boma la September 23, 2013).

Barcode

Utumiki wa maphunziro ndi sayansi inapitirira. Inakonza kugwiritsa ntchito bar code m'malo mwa chizindikiro "Alibe GMOs," ku Russia. Iyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chonse chokhudza kusintha kwa jini zomwe zili muzogulitsa kapena kupezeka kwake. Chiyambi chabwino, koma popanda chipangizo chapadera, simungathe kuwerenga barcode iyi.

Zosinthidwa ndi mankhwala ndi kusintha

Ma GMO amalamulidwa ndi malamulo m'maiko ena. Ku Ulaya, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili muzinthu siziloledwa kuposa 0,9%, ku Japan - 9%, ku USA - 10%. M'dziko lathu, zinthu zomwe zili ndi GMOs zimaposa 0.9%, zimakhala zolembera zovomerezeka. Chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulowa, mabungwe amalonda akukumana ndi zilango, mpaka kuthetsa ntchito.

Kutsiliza

Mapeto a zonsezi angathe kuchita zotsatirazi: vuto la GMO (kupindula kapena kuwonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali nawo) likuwonekera bwino lero. Zotsatira zenizeni za kugwiritsira ntchito nthawi yaitali zoterezi sizidziwika. Pakalipano, mayesero ovomerezeka a sayansi pankhaniyi sanachitidwe.