Gostiny Dvor mu Russia. Exhibition ku Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Russia, komanso malonda onse, ndi mbiri chidwi chiyambi ndi chitukuko. Mawonekedwe oyambirira tsintho anali "malonda chete", imene inali chakuti ophunzira mu ndikupeleka sanakumane ndi mzake. "Kanthu malonda" Ndi mmene anthu ambiri koposa zonse, kwa onse, koma palibe umboni wotsimikizira linakhalapo lenileni pa dera la Russia. Kutchula koyamba ubale malonda Russia ali 8-9 zaka.

Woyamba mu Russia ogulitsira

Pa nthawi ina kugula likulu chachikulu chinali Kiev, yomwe ili kumapeto kwa waterway lapansi. Iwo akhamukira pano katundu onse adafunafuna amalonda onse, kuphatikizapo anthu achilendo. Area, kukadakhala Mart, anakhala chapakati. Apa anafunafuna mumzindawo, osati kokha kwa katundu, komanso kuphunzira uthenga, maganizo kuwombola, penyani zisudzo ochezera buffoons. Market Square inatulutsidwa mochedwa woyamba Gostiny Dvor, chimenenso, ndi malo a kusunga katundu. M'tsogolo, iwo nthawi zonse pachokhapachokha - masitolo Arcade ndi Gostiny Dvor.

Prerequisites kwa zikamera wa Gostiny Dvor

Mu Novgorod, amene watenga ndi udindo waukulu likulu la zamalonda ndi chuma pambuyo dilapidated Kiev, malo kugula zikuoneka apadera zino ngati Vetoshny, nsomba kapena kutchera misampha. Mu XII m'ma pakati, kupereka malonda zonse - ndalama, malangizo, kuyeza ndi kulemera, ndi Moscow. Gostiny Dvor sanamvebe kulibe, mu gawo la ntchito yawo ikuchitika wa mpingo, pomwepo pa lalikulu - mu chapansi pa katundu amene anasunga pakhomo, iwo tikakumana. Mu Moscow, nthawi zambiri masitolo, koma m'zonse otsika ku malo ogulitsira wa maiko a ku Ulaya. kukula aang'ono mwachindunji ndi ntchito ndi misonkho. The malonda kwambiri mwankhanza Moscow zaka mazana XIV-XV zinachitikadi pafupi mlatho Moscow Mtsinje. gawo ali ndi yaikulu - apa anali m'munsi, pakati, mizere chapamwamba ndipo ambiri ang'ono kwambiri masitolo pang'ono.

Makolo Gostiny Dvor

Moscow anatentha kangapo, ndipo pambuyo moto 1493 anachotsedwa boma la Russia, amalonda ndi kuwapatsa iwo m'malire a tsogolo Red Square. Kuno ku Ilyinsky sacrum (pa mphambano za makwalala kugula wa uphungu kunachitidwa makamaka yogwira) kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVI ndi inamangidwa choyamba mu Russia matabwa Gostiny Dvor. Moscow anali tate wa nyumba hotelo. Kuwonjezera kukhalamo kutali amalonda anafika pa gawo la bwalo ali ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu kusunga katundu ndi masitolo kwa yogulitsa - ritelo m'dera la mabwalo malonda sanali ikuchitika konse. Poyamba, Gostiny Dvor anali zenizeni zake yomanga. Kufunika kwa iwo ananyamuka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malonda ndi madera ena komanso m'mayiko. Choncho, mu gawo la bwalo yomweyo anamanga miyambo. Mayadi zambiri anamangapo amaganizira mbali mtundu wa amalonda.

pamaso yachilendo

Motero, Masitolo lalikulu la Russia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) kalekale kukhalamo mayadi Dutch ndi German malonda, Chiameniya ndi Ayuda, "anglitsky" ndi Greek. Zinali mtundu ngati m'madera zokhalamo - m'dera anali atazunguliridwa ndi mpanda wolimba, nsanja zinali kwenikweni chifukwa katundu anali ambiri, iwo anali kutetezedwa. M'bwalo m'madera opareshoni dongosolo la malipiro ndi misonkho, chimenenso Imachitika kusintha awo ndi kukula.

Independent structural wagawo

Kuti ayende katundu anthu anamanga m'mahema - nyumba wamalonda amalipiritsa kwa malawi adali ndi njira kusiyanitsidwa - polavochnaya ndi izbnaya. Masitolo izi zinamangidwa pa mfundo yomweyi: izo anali kuyang'ana zofunika zonse kuchita yogulitsa malonda zambiri lalikulu. Pakati, ndithudi, dera ndi mabungwe a boma, kuimira mphamvu ya mzinda, amene ndi miyambo. Komanso anaika ndi "ofunika" - malo osewerera zolemera. Wotsogolera nyumba, bathhouse, omwera, nyumba za alendo (kuvomerezedwa zida thupi ndi moyo), nkhokwe kavalo zinamangidwa pafupi ndi mipanda lapansi. Ambiri a gawo kulamulidwa ndi nkhokwe bwalo - malo kwa kasungidwe katundu.

The kulunjika a zomangamanga

Iwo anamizidwa ndi malo zomera umodzi, ndipo iwo anamanga makamaka m'dera la wozungulira wa, kupereka ndi Arcade kapena, kawirikawiri kwambiri, m'khonde la zipilala (Kostroma bwalo). Nthawi zambiri, tambirimbiri, masitolo kuphatikiza ndi nkhokwe anamangidwa ku mbewu ziwiri. Panali mfundo yomanga. Mwachitsanzo, benchi kukula ukufika mayadi awiri m'litali, izo polulavka mwachibadwa anali kawiri zochepa. Pakhala Komabe, wakulekana ndi miyeso anakhazikitsa - ichi chinali chifukwa kulunjika katundu wina. Muli mu malo cholinga chake akugwirabe lero - anali bokosi ndi "lalikulu Tote" kapena "nosiltsy". Zinthu monga nsapato, anali pa bala zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nthawi zina chipinda chodyeramo m'modzi adagawa ndi amalonda pang'ono, ndipo nthawizina pa chifundo analipereka kwa lonse bwalo makhalidwe. Moscow, Novgorod ndi Tula amadziwa zitsanzo ngati zimenezi.

Ntchito ngati maziko a patsogolo

Wipers sayenera oyera okha ndi bwino - iwo mupereke kwa nkhokwe opareshoni (zimakhala zazikulu), malo lonse (izbnye) ndi polavochnye misonkho. Panali mitundu ina ntchito - angatenge chifundo cha mitundu ina ya malipiro kapena malonda ndi sled kapena bolodi chombo kulipira "kutembenuzira deta." Ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti malonda amalonda onse anali kulamulidwa mwa iwo, kumene, ngati iye analibe ritelo malo awo mu mzinda. Komanso kukhazikitsa katunduyo zinachitika, ngati si anagula mu chochuluka zoyendera wotsatira, msikawo, kumene anapulumutsidwa malo a Gostiny Dvor.

njira kusiyanitsidwa

Special analipo kwa alendo malamulo malonda. Choncho, mu XV atumwi amalonda Novgorod German anatilola kawiri pa chaka, pa nthawi bwino chimatanthauza kupulumutsa katundu. Ngakhale ndiye, akalonga anaima kutiyang'anira zofuna za alimi m'deralo. Mu madera a makhoti yachilendo malonda, komanso akazembe, opareshoni malamulo ake, ndi Kalonga wa Novgorod analibe ufulu wa alowererepo. Koma (mwina) mukudziwa malonda m'dera ndipo mwanjira yodziwa zinthu, makamaka zosintha awo latsopano, amayenera kukhala ndi chidwi Gostiny Dvor. Chionetsero kapena zitsanzo zina anayenera padziko m'gawo lake lagona pa zomwe zidzachitike zotsatirazi ndikupeleka.

Imodzi mwa makampani zoyambirira

Trade mu Ages Middle - ndi makampani akuluakulu ndipo ndi apatsidwa ndi zamtendere, ndipo chikhalidwe ndi ntchito waumishonale. Gostiny Dvor Republic of Genoa, kumene mfundo wakhala lonse malonda nsanja German Dutch amalonda, nkhani ya zojambula ambiri aluso ndi ntchito zolembalemba. Wathu Tsar Saltan ankangoyang'ana kuti zombo panyanja wamalonda kuphunzira "Chabwino ee il kunja loipa, ndiponso ku dziko chozizwitsa." Pakuti mizere iyi, inu mukhoza kuweruza kufunika kwa amalonda (amavomereza mfumu) ndi malonda ambiri. Popeza kuti nthawi losaiwalika mpaka pano pa malire a dziko lathu zisungidwe malo wakale malonda a mtundu uwu. Iwo sali m'mbiri komanso kamangidwe yekha zipilala, komanso wokongoletsa mzinda. Pamafunikanso "kukoma kwa masiku amakedzana" Posachedwapa, mmaonekedwe a. Ndipo mmene dziko lawo, wokongola ndi kupambana-Nkhata dzina lalikulu ano kugula ndi zosangalatsa zovuta "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - mzinda umene pali malo.

zaka Interconnection

Bungweli ndi lodziwika bwino, kutengeka ndi maganizo abwino angamvele zambiri. M'dziko pali nyumba Boom pa zaka zingapo zapitazi. Tsopano inamangidwa kwambiri wa pachiyambi, nyumba sanali muyezo zolinga zosiyanasiyana. Koma masiku bwalo makhalidwe mu Tula anali kuyima motsutsa maziko awa. Monga kalelo, malo kugula akhala cholinga cha moyo mzinda, malo kumene zosowa zawo chikhalidwe ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, amene anafuna m'tauni onse, ndi lero akuluakulu a mzinda anakwanitsa kumanga malo amene akhoza chidwi tulchan, kuwakakamiza kuchoka makoma a nyumba zawo ndipo pitani pa zifukwa zina, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula zaka ziwiri zazikulu ndi chikondwerero kutsegula kwa lalikulu kugula ndi zosangalatsa zovuta zomwe zoona, mzinda ndi dongosolo yake. Kuwonjezera 150 masitolo, 6 kuonerera mafilimu a kanema, malo omwera ambiri ndi odyera, gyms, malo olimba, salons kukongola, pali amaperekedwa malo kwa kulembetsa kwa maukwati ndi khalidwe la ukwati wotsatira. Zonse zofunika munthu ano, angapereke Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Zisudzo unachitikira ku malo onse amenewa anakonza mu holo wokongola chionetsero.

The ambiri otchuka dziko moyo pabwalo

Kumene, ngakhalenso kuweruza ndi dzina, tiyenera mawu wapadera "Big Gostiny Dvor", chipilala cha mbiri Russian ndi mamangidwe a m'zaka XVIII, pansi UNESCO chitetezo. Pakati ngakhale pansi Elizabeth, linamangidwa ndi Rastrelli lamulo la 1758 pa "rump" wa Nevsky Prospekt ndi Sadovaya Street. Zosungira katundu ndi masitolo anamanga amalonda, amayenera zomwezo chigulitsire lamanja la kufala cholowa, chifukwa ndalama za pomanga zinakonzedwa kuti akuyendera likuvutika amalonda, koma ndi chiyambi cha ntchito, onse anachedwa, ndipo pamapeto polojekiti palokha anakanidwa.

Yomanga zinachitikadi ndi Jean-Baptiste Vallin de A La Mothe. Umayambira 1761 ndi 1785. Popeza penipeni, lalikulu makhalidwe pabwalo anayamba mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kuonetsetsa moyo wa St. Petersburg. Kwa iye, monga tanthauzo lapadera kwa malo kumpoto likulu, woyamba unachitikira mpweya kuyatsa. Mu zaka zonse linakhalapo izo mobwereza kubwezeretsedwa, ndi kukonza ndi kubwezeretsa ndi ojambula zithunzi zabwino, lokonza ndi mapulani monga Tsarist ndi Soviet Russia. Mu 1886-1887 a, NL Benoit kubwezeretsedwa Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg makamaka amanyadira nyumba iyi ndi gombe. Mu masiku a kuzinga wake kulondera pamodzi ndi nyumba zina achipembedzo likulu kumpoto. M'zaka 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor linakhalanso ndi anazindikira ngati chipilala mapulani. Pambuyo kukonzanso lotsatira, ikuchitika zaka 1955-1967, 167 masitolo munthu zinalili m'dera lake wopandamalire, anagwirizana dipatimenti chapakati mzinda wotchedwa "Gostiny Dvor". Pakuti kukonza zonse za nyumbayo anali chokongoletsedwa - ndi kochulukira chokongoletsedwa pakhomo chachikulu, ndiyeno anati latsopano mazenera papezeka-galasi ndi akasupe. Popeza 1994, m'sitolo anakhala olowa katundu kampani, ndipo nyumbayi tsopano uli ku Unduna wa Culture.

Petersburgers ndi kutikonda kwambiri ndi kunyadira awo "Dormitory." m'gawo lake ndi masiku ano anaika osati mitundu yonse ya m'sitolo, amene tsiku anachezeredwa ndi mpaka 300 000 makasitomala padziko lonse, komanso kunyumba kwa mafashoni mkulu, ndi nyumba zabwino kwa chionetsero cha zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho zosiyanasiyana. Exhibition ku Gostiny Dvor lero zikumveka ngati chinachake mopepuka - chabwino, kodi si kumeneko?