Gustav Husak - wanzeru ndale kapena mtsogoleri kuponderezedwa?

Mbiri ya moyo wa Czechoslovak wandale Gustav Husak ndithu zothandiza. ulamuliro wake anatchuka kwambiri otchedwa "normalization" ie Kupha zotsatira za kukonza "Prague Spring." Gustav Husak anali Slovak dziko ndi mwana ulova. Moyo kumutulutsa kuti chimake cha mphamvu. Iye anakhala Pulezidenti wa zokomera Czechoslovakia, pafupifupi yamphamvu mtsogoleri wa Party Communist a dziko. Pamene wokonzanso mu ubwana wake, iye anayamba kuletsa a chosakhutitsidwa mu zaka zao za sikisite Mu zaka zapitazo. Anatula pansi atazindikira kuti nthawi yake yatha.

yonena oyambirira a Gustav Husak unyamata wake

Malo mfundo Czechoslovak pa malire a Austria-Hungary, mu Poshonihidegkute (tsopano Dubravka), January 10, 1913. Pa zaka 16 anakhala membala wa Communist gulu la achinyamata. Inali nthawi maphunziro ake ku sukulu Bratislava. Ndipo pamene Iye adalowa Chilamulo mphamvu ya Komeniasi University, Iwo wakhala membala wa Communist Party. Apo iye mwamsanga ntchito yake, kusunthira nthawi iliyonse mlingo wokwererapo. Mu 1938, chipanichi inaletsedwa. Pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko II World, Gustav Husak, pa dzanja limodzi, nthawi zambiri nawo zinthu zophwanya malamulo Communist, amene anali mobwerezabwereza anamangidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma lopondereza la Jozef Tiso, ndi pa zina - kucheza ndi mtsogoleri wa patali-bwino Slovak Alexander Mach. Ena amati kuti ndiye chifukwa chake linatulutsidwa patapita miyezi ingapo m'ndende. Mu 1944, iye anakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Slovak National Zipolowe ndi Anazi ndi maboma awo.

Gustav Husak pambuyo pa nkhondo

Mnyamata zingamuthandize wandale yomweyo anayamba kulamulira ntchito monga States ndi chipani functionary. Kuchokera mu 1946 mpaka 1950 iye anachita udindo wa nduna yaikulu ndipo motero, mu 1948, iye anali nawo liquidation wa Democratic Party wa Slovakia, lomwe pa chisankho mu makumi chimodzi chaka, anapambana peresenti 62 voti. Koma mu 1950, iye anakhala kapolo wa purges Stalin ndi nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Klement Gottwald adatsutsika maganizo mtundu ndipo analamulidwa kuti akakhale m'ndende, anakhala zaka zisanu m'ndende Leopoldov. Pokhala wotsimikiza chikominisi, iye ankaona kupondereza ngati poyerekezera izo kusamvetsetsa ndi zonse analemba makalata akulira za utsogoleri wa MCP. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndiye mtsogoleri wa Party Communist la Czechoslovakia dzina lake Aleksandr Novotny anakana kukhululukira iye, kuwauza comrades wake kuti "inu simukudziwa chimene iye angachite, ngati iye abwera ku mphamvu."

Ntchito mtsogoleri boma

Pa De-Stalinization wa Gusak Gustav iye asintha khalidwe lawo. chiweruzo Chake chinathetsedwa ndipo anabwezeretsedwa mu chipani. Izi zinachitika mu 1963. Kuyambira pamenepo, mfundo wakhala mdani wamkulu Novotny ndipo anathandiza Slovak wokonzanso Aleksandra Dubcheka. Mu 1968, pa "Prague Spring" anakhala nduna yaikulu ya Czechoslovakia, katundu amene azinyamula kunja kusintha. Pamene Soviet Union anasonyeza amphamvu kusakhutira ndi mfundo za latsopano utsogoleri Gusak Gustav anali oyamba amene anaitana mosamala. Iye anayamba kulankhula owona za mwayi wa "Prague Spring", ndipo pa phukusi asilikali Czechoslovakia ndi mayiko Warsaw ke anakhala mbali zokambirana pakati Dubcek ndi Brezhnev. Mwadzidzidzi Husak anatsogolera mbali ya mamembala a HRC, amene akuyitanira "rollback" ya kusintha. Mu ulaliki wina, ndiye iye anafunsa funso losafuna za kumene amasonkhana kumbali ya Dubcek kupeza anzanu amene angandithandize dziko kulimbana ndi asilikali Soviet. Popeza Husak otchedwa wandale wanzeru.

Wolamulira wa Czechoslovakia

Ndi thandizo la USSR ndondomeko msanga m'malo Dubcek monga mtsogoleri wa Communist Party wa Czechoslovakia. Iye si yekha ndiye anabwerera ndondomeko kusintha, komanso achotsedwa gulu la aufulu-apamwamba. Mu 1975, Gusak Gustav anasankhidwa mutsogoleli wa Czechoslovakia. Pa zaka makumi awiri cha ulamuliro wake, dziko akhala m'modzi wa mfundo zoona za Soviet Union. Mu zaka zoyambilira za ulamuliro wake monga Husak anayesa kuletsa anthu okwiya a dziko, kuukitsa zachuma bwino ndiponso kupewa kupondereza chachikulu ndi lotseguka. Pa nthawi yomweyo ufulu wa anthu ku Czechoslovakia anali zochepa kuposa Mwachitsanzo, mu Yugoslavia mu nthawi ya Broz Tito ndi mfundo zake za chikhalidwe ngakhale ndi zimene zinali mu Romania pamene Nicolae Ceausescu. Mu mawu a mtendere wa misonkhano chinsinsi cha dziko ndi zonse atagwira otsutsa, monga ziwalo za "hayala 77", komanso malonda atsogoleri mgwirizano, amene ayesa bungwe kunyanyala.

Husak m'nyengo ya "perestroika"

Achikulire zambiri ndiwofatsa anakhala HSU Gusak Gustav (ndi mphoto analandira mu 1983). Komabe, mu makumi asanu ndi awiri a zaka mazana makumi awiri, anabwerera ku gulu la anthu amene anathamangitsidwa pambuyo "Prague Spring", ngakhale kuti iwo anali kulamulidwa kuti alape poyera za "kulakwitsa." Mu 80 ntchentche. ndi Politburo, amene anatsogolera kulimbana kaya kugwira kusintha ngati "Gorbachev". Pakuti Czechoslovak "perestroika" anatero Nduna lubomír štrougal. Husak komanso sankalowerera, koma April 1987, analengeza pulogalamu ya kusintha, amene anali kuyambira mu 1991.

Kutha kwa ntchito

Mu 1988, a Czechoslovak Achikominisi nufuna kuti mtsogoleri wawo kupereka mphamvu kwa achinyamata. Kukhala pragmatist, Husak anaganiza kupita patali kwambiri, ndipo anavomera tachokamo, kusiya malo ake Pulezidenti wa Czechoslovakia. Mu njira yomweyo Iye anachita pa "veleveti zisinthe" mu 1989. Iye basi analamula Marian Chalfie athamangadi boma "dziko kukhulupirira" ndipo anamupatsa iye ulamuliro pa 10 December wa chomwecho chaka. Ichi chinali kumapeto ofunda za ulamuliro wokhazikitsidwa ndi iwo. Pofuna kusimidwa kuti asintha khalidwe lawo, ndi Czechoslovak Communist Party anatulutsa iye pa gulu ake mu 1990, koma sizinathandize ake mu chisankho. Pulezidenti wa dziko wakhala dissident Vaclav Havel. Nkumanyumwa Chikatolika mu 1991, pafupifupi onse akukuwerengerani wamwalira.

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale kukanganira za zimene udindo wa mfundo imeneyi mu zaka makumi awiri ulamuliro wake mu Czechoslovakia. Kodi kulamulira zida boma, kapena anali plaything zochitika ndi anthu ena? Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Husak analungamitsidwa, kuti ankafuna kuti afewetse zotsatira mosalephera a nkhondo Soviet a dziko ndi kuyesera kupewa "hawks" mkati chipani chake. Mu choonadi, iye nthawi zonse anafunafuna kusiya la asilikali Soviet ku Czechoslovakia. Mwina ameneyu ndondomeko yake chifukwa iye nthawizonse ndayesera kulenga kuganiza kuti onse "wamphamvu."