Hafnium: ntchito ndi katundu

Mau oyamba a nkhaniyi amalola wowerenga kudziwa zomwe hafnium (mankhwala) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi munthu m'madera osiyanasiyana a ntchito yake. Komanso malonda a mankhwala ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhani, njira zochotsera ndi kupeza pa dziko lapansi, mbiri yakafupi ya kupezeka kwa mfundoyi idzafunsidwa.

Kodi hafniamu ndi chiyani?

Hafnium ndi chida cha mankhwala pa tebulo la periodic. Ndilo gulu lachinayi, nthawi yachisanu ndi chimodzi, chiwerengero cha atomiki ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu ziwiri. Pofotokoza zinthu zosavuta, zomwe zili ndipamwamba kwambiri komanso zowonongeka, mtundu wa chitsulo ndi woyera. Hafnium ikhoza kukhalapo muzosintha ziwiri. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa pafupifupi chaka cha 2016 Kelvin, mtundu wautali, womwe umasinthidwa, umasintha, umasandulika kukhala malo ozungulira thupi, kutentha kwa firiji kumakhala ndi crystal lattice ya hexagonal syngony.

Kuchokera ku mbiri yakugwiritsidwa ntchito

Kutulukira kwa chinthucho kunachitika mu 1923, lopangidwa ndi Gyorgy De Heshevi ndi Koster Dirk. Iwo adatha kufotokoza za zikhalidwe ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a hafnium, malinga ndi zomwe a N. Bohr anachita, omwe adafufuza ntchito ya Mfalansa J. Urben, yemwe adakhulupirira kuti anapeza Celtic - chinthu chatsopano. Komabe, patatha nthawi kuti chisakanizo cha hafnium ndi lutecium ndi ytterbium chinali Keltium.

Niels Bohr, akuphunzira ntchitoyi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zowonjezereka, anatsimikizira kuti hafnium ndi analog ya cholemba pa nambala 71 ku PTCA, yomwe ndi zirconium. Gyorgy De Heshevi ndi Koster Dirk analengeza kuti anapeza chinthu china chatsopano cha hafnium, chomwe chinatchulidwa pambuyo pa mzinda umene anapezapo, atagwiritsa ntchito njira ya X ray, mitundu ya zircons ya Norway ndi Greenland inafufuzidwa mobwerezabwereza. Kuzindikira kufanana kwa mizere ya X-ray kunathandiza asayansi kulengeza kupezeka kwa x-ray element yatsopano.

Njira zopezera ndi katundu wa dziko

Hafnium ili mu makungwa a dziko lapansi, koma alibe mchere, choncho ndi "satellite" ya zirconium. Kuchuluka kwa Hf mu ores ndi pafupifupi 2.5%, ndipo kupanga chaka ndi chaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri. Hafnium ndi mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri, malo ake enieni amadziwika kwambiri ku Australia, South Africa, United States, India ndi Brazil. Malo a mayiko omwe ali mu dongosolo la kutengerako akufanana ndi malo omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha Hf mu dziko. Ndiyeneranso kutchula kuti Russia ndi Ukraine ali ndi nkhokwe zambiri zazitsulo, zomwe zambiri zimayikidwa mu zirconium, osagwirizana ndi baddeleyite.

Zizindikiro za thupi

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zakuthupi za hafnium zinatchulidwa pamwambapa. Mukhoza kuwonjezera kwa iwo kuti chitsulo ichi, chomwe chimatenga dziko labwino kwambiri, chimakhala chakuda. Zimasungunuka pa 2233 digrii Celsius, kutentha kumayamba pa 4603 ^o C. Mtandawo umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Zirconium, mosiyana ndi hafnium, ili ndi mlingo wa mtanda womwe uli maulamuliro atatu a ukulu wochepa. Pamene kugwidwa kwa Hf kuli 115 bar, mu zirconium ndi pafupifupi 0,2 bar. Hafnium ali ndi mlingo wofanana wa kutentha kwa germanium (Ge) ndipo ndi wosayera. Kutentha kwachinyontho kumakhala pamtunda wa Kelvin 60-80. Izi sizingathe kufotokozedwa ndi ziphunzitso zilizonse zokhudzana ndi mphamvu za Hooke, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kukanika kwa ntchito yotchedwa Einstein yopereka mpata wokwanira.

Chemical katundu

Hafnium ili ndi kuteteza x-ray kwambiri kuposa zirconium zofanana. Chitsulo chomwecho chimakhala chodziwika kwambiri, chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi filimu ya okusayidi yopangidwa ndi hafnium. Ndi bwino kupasuka Hf mu hydrofluoric asidi, osakaniza wa hydrofluoric acid ndi nitric acid ndi mfumu mowa wamphamvu. Pa kutentha, imatentha mpweya, ndipo panja imayamba kukhuta. Mungathe kulowa mu machitidwe a X-ray ndi zizindikiro. Ali ndi hydrophobic properties.

Makina a Hf, awiri ndi atatu

Pachifukwa ichi, mtengo wa valence ndi wosinthika ndipo, malinga ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana za chiwerengero cha zothandizira x-ties, pali zinthu zambiri zofunika za hafnium ndi zina.

Mtundu wa hafnium wa dibromide uli ndi mtundu wobiriwira. Pa kutentha kwa madigiri 400 Celsius kumayambira ndondomeko yowonongeka ndi mapangidwe a Hf ndi HfBr4. Mu makampaniwa, amapangidwa ndi kusokonezeka mu mpweya wa HfBr3 pansi pa kutentha.

Trivalent Hf amaimiridwa ndi tribromide (HfBr3) - chinthu ichi chiri chakuda buluu, m'malo movuta. Pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kofanana ndi madigiri 400 Celsius, imayamba kukhala yosiyana kwambiri m'zigawo ziwiri za hafnium tetrabrombites ndi dibromobids. Njira yopangira ntchitoyi ndi kuchepetsa HfB4 ndi kutenthetsa mu hydrogen, mwachoncho ndi kuwonjezera kwa aluminium.

Ku makina a tetravalent hafnium pali mankhwala ambirimbiri, omwe ndi HfO2 ndi dioxide, komanso hydroxide ndi fomu ya x-th Hf (OH) 4. Palinso tettrafloride (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) ndi hafnium tetrabomide (HfBr) yotchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso pali hafnium hydrogenphosphates (Hf (HPO4) 2).

Kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku moyo ndi kulankhulana ndi mankhwala

Hafnium ikupeza kuti ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yambiri ya anthu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe, chikhalidwe chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri, zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, zankhondo komanso ngakhale mu nyukiliya.

Nanga kodi hafiniamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito motani? Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala - iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zambiri zomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito katundu wa chitsulochi. Popeza ma Hb carbides ali olemetsa, osakhala osokoneza, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madokotala, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga galasi la X-ray.

Chigawo chokhala ndi zinthu zosiyana ndi zonse zakuthupi ndi thupi ndi hafnium. Kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, amapeza ngati chinthu chopanga makanema a wailesi, ma radio ndi ma tubesi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu malonda a metallurgical cholinga chopanga zipangizo zina zapamwamba za physicotechnical ndi mechanical properties. Hafnium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa x-ray engineering, koma kawirikawiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hafnium mu luso la usilikali

Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito bwanji hafnium? Kugwiritsa ntchito mu zida ndi mbali ina ya ntchito za anthu, zomwe sizichita popanda izi. Oxides, silicides, borides ndi carbides za hafnium ndizopangidwira kwambiri, chifukwa chaichi muzochita zankhondo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zokutira. Ndizowonjezereka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito Hf ndi makina ake popanga zida zomwe zimapangidwira ndege zowonongeka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo malo.

Kuchokera mu 1998, kuyesayesa kwapangidwira kupanga "bomba la hafnium", pogwiritsa ntchito mchitidwe wovuta 187m2Hf. Koma chifukwa cha kafufuzidwe ndi kuyesa, lingalirolo linakhala losasamalika, chifukwa cha kusowa kwokhoza, ndi makanema amakono, kuti akwaniritse kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu yochuluka kuchokera pachimake cha zovuta izi.

Ntchito zina za chinthu chophweka Hf

Mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya, pamodzi ndi magawo omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, koma ngakhale ngakhale zochulukirapo, hafnium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kodi chitsulochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti? Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya neutron yotengedwa kuchokera ku Hf, ndodo za malamulo, magalasi apadera ndi zowonjezera zimapangidwa.

Hafnium ili ndi ntchito yochepa kwambiri ya magetsi (3.53VV) ndipo chifukwa chaichi ikhonza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida ndi mabomba a electron. Mu injini yamagetsi yowonjezera nyukiliya, n'zotheka kupeza mchere ndi carbides wa hafnium, kapena mmalo mwa zinthu zina.

Hafnium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga magetsi a mtundu wa thermoelectric ndipo nthawi zambiri imapezeka mu injini za ionic. Pa maziko a HfO2, ma dielectric omwe ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa permittivity amapangidwa. M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kuti adziŵe bwino silicon oxide yomwe imadziwika bwino ndi HfO2 oksidi. Izi zidzakulitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu mu chipu.

Pomalizira, tinganene kuti hafnium, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthambi zambiri za ntchito za anthu, kuyamba tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kutha ndi asilikali ndi atomiki, ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Ichi ndi chitsulo chofunika kwambiri ndipo m'chilengedwe nthawizonse chimayendera zirconium. Kusowa kwake ndi mbali zake za makhalidwe abwino zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wake ukhale wotsika kwambiri.