Maonekedwe a Gothic mu Zomangamanga

Zithunzi zojambulajambula za ku Gothic zinayamba kumayambiriro kumpoto kwa dziko la France masiku ano komanso m'madera a Switzerland ndi Belgium masiku ano kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1200. Kenaka, patapita kanthawi - ku Germany.

Gothic yoyamba kumangidwe ndi mpingo ku nyumba ya amwenye ya Saint-Denis, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Paris. Zomangamanga zimagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a Sugeria, omwe ndi a Gothic omwe ali ndi mizere. Kuchokera ku zinyumba za Roma zomwe zinali zosiyana ndi chisomo chachikulu.

Kawirikawiri, kalembedwe ka Gothic kamene kamangidwe kochokera ku chikhalidwe chachiroma chapamwamba pa zomangamanga muzithunzi zamakono komanso mitundu yayikulu ya nyumba zachipembedzo. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma Gothic, mipingo yampingo inakhala malo apadera.

Mipingoyi, yomwe inamangidwa mwa kalembedwe kameneka, imayimira mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a zomangamanga ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambula. Zithunzi zozungulira kwambiri za chikhalidwe chachiroma zimalowetsa nsonga zazitali za Gothic ndi nsonga zapamwamba, nsanamira zazikulu ndi zopapatiza, ndi mazenera, mawonekedwe a mawindo a magalasi opangidwa ndi mitundu yambiri, chojambula chokongoletsedwa ndi manja ambiri (wimpers, timpani, archivolts). Zonsezi zinapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire zowona.

Mtundu wa Gothic mu zomangamanga unatchedwa kuchokera ku Greek "wokonzeka". Kale, a Goths amatchedwa mafuko a anthu osagonjetsedwa omwe adalowa mu ufumu wa Roma kuchokera kumpoto. Malinga ndi nthano, mawu awa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Raphael.

Zizindikiro za zomangamanga za Gothic zinali tchalitchi chachikulu ndi mtanda, m'malo mwa nsanja ndi lupanga la chikhalidwe chachiroma. Kwa zaka XII. Wodziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu pa moyo wa chipembedzo.

Mipingo ya Gothic inamangidwa ndi mibadwo. Mzinda wa Notre Dame unamangidwa zaka zopitirira mazana awiri, Cathedral ya Roma kuyambira 1211 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XV, ndi Milan - mpaka pa XIX.

Zomangamanga za Gothic ziyenera kufaniziridwa mogwirizana ndi zakumwamba zakumwamba. Choncho, mapangidwe anapangidwa kuti alowetse kukhwima kwa mwalawo. Linasinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri akujambula mu "lace".

Chinsinsi chojambula chinali chakuti mawonekedwe a ma Gothic sankagwirizana ndi zenizeni. Mitsempha yolemera yowoneka ngati mitambo-airy, kusinthidwa mwaluso zamtunduwu kuteteza kutsogoleredwa, kumvetsetsa malingaliro amalingaliro ndi kuzindikira miyeso yeniyeni. Mu katolika ya Gothic zikuwoneka kuti kuchokera pansi pa mapazi kumapita ku nthaka, ndipo mwamuna mwiniwakeyo akukwera kumalo opanda malire a kumwamba.

Masewero a Gothic mu zomangamanga amakonda masewera ndi kuwala. Mfundo yofunikira ya kalembedweyi ndikulenga zotsatira za Kuwala Kwaumulungu komwe kumatuluka, komwe kukuyimira nzeru zauzimu ndi kuunikiridwa. Ichi ndi cholinga cha galasi losungunuka.

Chikhalidwe cha Gothic chinayambika makamaka mumzinda. Mitundu yambiri yamakono ndi yachikasu, ya buluu ndi yofiira. Mizere ya nyumba ndi zomangamanga zimakhala khalidwe lachilendo, zowonjezera zimapangidwa ndi kudutsa arcs. Nyumba zimamangidwira m'makona akuluakulu omwe ali ndi mizere yambiri yomwe imadutsa muzitsulo.

Zodalirika zazomwe zili mkati ndizo zida zokhulupirika zomwe zimakhala ndi zothandizira, zokongoletsera za masamba. Zomangamanga za nyumbayi zimadziwika ndi zotseguka zothandizira miyala yamakono, mawindo anatambasula mmwamba, mafupa a mawonekedwewo adatsindika. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kapangidwe ndi mawindo a magalasi a magalasi osiyanasiyana, nthawizina pali mawindo okongoletsera. Zitseko zimakongoletsedwa ndi arched, nsalu zomangira.

Kuwona kwa nyumba mu chikhalidwe cha Gothic kumakhala mtundu wa zozizwitsa, kuwonekeratu kuwona kwa makoma a miyala omwe amawoneka owala ndi airy. Kuwala, kuyendayenda, kusagwirizana ndi masomphenya ndi zovomerezeka zimakhala zovomerezeka zamtundu uliwonse mu ndondomeko ya Gothic.

Ndondomeko ya Gothic inadutsa m'zigawo zitatu za mbiri ya chitukuko - Early Gothic, Blossoming (High Gothic) ndi Late Gothic.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1600, kalembedwe ka Gothic kameneka kanatayika potsata chikhalidwe cha Renaissance m'chikhalidwe.