Hoover damu. Hoover damu mu United States: mbiri ya zomangamanga, maonekedwe, chithunzi

Hoover damu ndi dongosolo hayidiroliki ndi opangira magetsi magetsi mu United States. Iwo anamangidwira mu kwa malire kunsi kwa mtsinje wa Colorado. Kutalika kwa damu ndi 221 m. Ilo liri mu Black Canyon, pafupi boma la Nevada , ndi Arizona. Ndi dzina lake polemekeza 31 TH pulezidenti - Herbert Hoover, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito ya zomangamanga ake. Yomanga damu la zinachitika mu 1931-1936 gg.

Hoover damu ndi ntchito ndi Utumiki wa Mkati US Bureau of reclamation Division. Ndi mmodzi wa chidwi otchuka Las Vegas.

prehistory

Mpaka nthawi yomanga damu la Colorado (Mtsinje) Kawirikawiri anasonyeza chikhalidwe makolokoto. M'nthawi ya chisanu kusungunuka mu mapiri nthawi zambiri anasefukira zikugwera alimi amene pambuyo pake. Okonza ndikukhulupirira kuti kumanga madamu kuthandiza kusalaza kusinthasintha mu mlingo mtsinje. Komanso, ankayenera kuti mosungiramo adzakankha chitukuko cha ulimi yothiriridwa ndi kukhala kasupe wa madzi m'madera ambiri a Southern California.

Chimodzi mwa mavuto yaikulu kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi anali oimira boma la kukaikira, mu Colorado beseni. Mtsinje, makamaka ake chuma madzi anali mofanana anagawira pakati ogula. Panali malingaliro amene California, ndi mphamvu yake yonse ndi ndalama, kuyala amati chochuluka nkhokwe madzi posungira.

Chifukwa cha ichi, ntchito ndi analengedwa, zimene zinaphatikizapo nthumwi wina ndi aliyense wa States nkhawa komanso oimira boma la feduro. ntchito yawo wakhala signatories ku Convention ya Colorado Mtsinje. Iwo anali atathana njira ya kameredwe ka madzi. Izi kunapangitsa njira yomanga damu la.

Yomanga kapangidwe hayidiroliki wa sikelo zinkafuna kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ku bajeti boma. bilu ndipo anavomereza ndi ndalama ya White House ndi Senate US yomweyo. Mu 1928 Calvin COOLIDGE anasaina kalata kupereka anakafuna patsogolo kwa kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi. The azimayi poyamba allocated yomanga zaka 2 kenaka. Pulezidenti ndiye panali Gerbert Guver.

Dongosolo anaitana yomanga damu pa Chimwala (Colorado mtsinje chigwa). Ndipo ngakhale potsiriza anaganiza chilili izo mu Black Canyon ntchitoyi anali kudziŵika kuti Chimwala Canyon Project.

yomanga

Kumanga madamu mu mzere wapatsidwa makampani akuluakulu. Pakati pawo: Six Companies, Inc., Morrison-Knudsen Company; Utah Yomanga Company; Pacific Bridge Company; Henry J. Kaiser & Wa Bechtel Company; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., JF Shea Company.

ntchito

nyumbayo anthu zikwizikwi ogwira ntchito (mu 1934 chiwerengero pazipita anafikira anthu 5251). Mu mgwirizano, sankandilola ntchito yolemba ntchito antchito Chinese ndi chiwerengero cha mercenaries wakuda sanali upambana anthu 30, pamene iwo ankachita ntchito kwambiri bwino malipiro. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti pafupi damu ndi omanga adzamangira tauni yaing'ono, koma dongosolo anaikonzanso mokomera kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ntchito ndi kufulumizitsa ndondomekoyi (kuchepetsa ulova, umene unali chifukwa cha Great Depression.) Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi ya kufika kwa mercenaries woyamba mzinda sanali wokonzeka komabe, ndi damu omanga woyamba yotentha anakhala m'misasa.

Woopsawo kantchito ndi kumanga nyumba kuchedwa zinachititsa kuponya, umene unachitika mu 1931. Pa nthawi yomweyo antchito anabalalitsidwa ndi mphamvu (apolisi ntchito batons ndi zida). Koma mayendedwe a zomangamanga a ku mudziwo, anaganiza mofulumira, ndipo m'chaka cha Chaka chotsatira, anthu asamukira m'mahema okhazikika. Njuga, uhule ndi kugulitsa mowa inaletsedwa pa nthawi yomanga ku Chimwala City. chiletso Last pano mpaka 1969. Njuga ndi malonda apa si anatsimikiza kuti tsiku lino, kupanga Chimwala City mzinda kokha m'chigawo cha Nevada, amene umagwira loletsa zimenezi.

kantchito

Hoover damu, chithunzi cha amene m'nkhani ino, inamangidwa mu zinthu kwambiri. Ena ntchito zinachitika mu ngalande, kumene ogwira ntchito anavutika carbon monoxide, yomwe pano anali lambiri (Choncho ena omanga wamwalira kapena wolumala). The bwana Kenako ananena kuti imfa inali zotsatira za chibayo, ndipo iye sangakhoze kuonedwa wopalamula. Pakali pano, ntchito yomanga damu panali nyumba woyamba, umene ochokera kwa ogwira ntchito zipewa chitetezo.

Pa pomanga damu (damu) anapha okwana anthu 96. The oyamba omwe iwo anali yoyeza George. Tierney, amene anamira kumapeto kwa 1922 Colorado, kusankha malo abwino kwambiri yomanga. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, munthuyo atsopano a damu anaonekera Patrik Tirni mwana wake amene anamwalira patapita zaka 30, kugwa kuchokera pa nsanja ndi spillway.

ntchito kuyambirira

Yomanga damu damu zinakonzedwa ili m'malire Arizona ndi Nevada pa chigwa yopapatiza. Kupatulako madzi kwa m'ngalande 4 analengedwa kuchokera kufika yomanga. Tikumbukenso kuti utali wonse wa 4.9 makilomita. Mu 1931, ntchito yomanga inayamba una wa okha. Iwo kupezera anapangidwa kuchokera simenti, makulidwe amene anali 0,9 m, umene ndi awiri zothandiza conduits anafika 15,2 m.

Ngalande pambuyo yomanga pang'ono oletsedwa "sankafuna" anapanga konkire ndipo nthawi zina bwererani madzi owonjezera. Popeza kuti spillway si thupi la damu, ndipo kudzera ngalande kuti zili miyala, amatipatsa mtendere wa dongosolo lonse.

The kumanga madamu, caissons

Pofuna kupewa chigumula kotheka, komanso pawekha ya zomangamanga zinamangidwa 2-coffer damu. The damu chapamwamba anayamba kumanga mu 1932, ngakhale pa nthawi Kupeleka ngalande sanali kulembedwa.

Kuonetsetsa ntchito otetezeka asanayambe kumanga miyeso zosiyanasiyana kuchotsa malinga a chigwa anawatengera ku matanthwe ndi miyala lotayirira atagona: poyamba anali kuonongedwa ndi dynamite kenako anaponyedwa kuchokera downwards.

Yomanga damu konkire

Pa m'munsi mwa khoma konkire woyamba unatsanulidwa mu 1933. Kupanga ake anapeza munda lotsatira zipangizo sanali zachitsulo. Komanso, makamaka zomera konkire zinamangidwa.

Popeza ntchito lonse izi sizinachitikepo anapanga (Dziwani kuti palibe dziko la khoma sakanakhoza poyerekeza ndi sikelo ya nyumbayi), njira zingapo luso ntchito ndondomeko anali wapadera. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa mavuto anaonekera kuzirala konkire. Chifukwa, mmalo mwa monolith olimba Hoover damu inamangidwa monga angapo mizati inakula mu mawonekedwe a trapezoids. Zimenezi zinathandiza kutentha kwambiri kuti adzamasulidwa pa solidification la osakaniza ankakhala moyo wotayirira.

Akatswiri ndinazindikira kuti ngati Hoover damu adzamangira monga monolith, ndi kuzirala konkire kutentha chofunika anayenera kukhala zaka 125. Chifukwa cha ming'alu angaoneke, koma m'tsogolo izo zinkatanthauza chiwonongeko cha damu la. Komanso, aliyense nkhungu kuti imathandizira kuzirala zigawo konkire zili dongosolo yozizira wa zitsulo chitoliro inchi kumene madzi asefukira chilled. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti konkire akuchiritsa, ndipo lero si anamaliza.

powerhouse

Kupanga dzenje kwa opangira magetsi magetsi unachitikira molumikizana ndi rytom yomanga; chimene chinali choti m'munsi mwa damu la. earthworks zofunika zinamangidwa ku 1933, chaka chomwecho konkire woyamba unatsanulidwa yatulukira danga.

Woyamba siteshoni magetsi jenereta anapangidwa mu 1936. Patatha zaka 25 wamakono siteshoni panali ena magudumu zina akuthamanga. Panthawi pano magetsi ndi kubala seventini magudumu, pazipita mphamvu 2074 MW.

Mphamvu ntchito lero

The amagetsi ali ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri kukhala bwino mphamvu kumadzulo United States. Ku mphamvu mowa zimadalira katundu kusintha pa chilichonse oscillator kuti ndi Lamulo siteshoni kugawa inali ku Phoenix. N'zochititsa chidwi kasamalidwe dongosolo ndi mwa mode Buku ankagwiritsa ntchito mpaka 1991; computerization zinanso a dongosolo zinachitikadi.

zomangamanga

ntchito koyamba ankachita mapulani kapangidwe lophweka wa nyumba ndi madamu opangira magetsi. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mbali yakunja ya damu ndi khoma ochiritsira, anapangidwa ndi balustrade pamwamba, olengedwa mwa kalembedwe Gothic Chitsitsimutso. Ngakhale kumanga zomera mphamvu onse ayenera kukhala osiyana ndi pansi yosavuta fakitale.

Ambiri a m'nthawi ya polojekiti imene mukufuna wakhala amawanena kuti kuphweka ake kwambiri, zomwe, maganizo awo, kodi si zizigwirizana ndi khalidwe epochal, amene uvale Hoover damu. Motero, kuti rework ntchito anaitanidwa kuti Los Angeles wamanga Gordon Kaufman. Anatha rework ntchito ndi kumaliza kunja kwa nyumba izi pa luso deco kalembedwe. Chifukwa, kumtunda kwa damu la adakonzeka ndi turrets, amene "limakula" mwachindunji ku damu la. Komanso, anaika wotchi pansanja spillway. Ena mwa iwo kuonetsa Mountain Time, ndipo chachiwiri - North America Pacific Time.

Dzina la damu la

Poyamba, Hoover damu anamangidwira mu Chimwala Canyon, chotero, mu zolemba za boma izo adatchedwa "Chimwala damu". Pa nthawi yomweyo nduna kutsegula kwa yomanga Ray Wilbur, Mlembi US wa Utumiki Mkati analengeza kuti malo uyu adzakhala dzina lake polemekeza US pulezidenti Hoover. maina Mawu atsogoleri anapitiriza Wilbur ntchito mwambo madamu lalikulu USA. The Congress US wavomereza dzina lovomerezeka mu 1931.

Patapita chaka chimodzi, Hoover anataya chisankho Franklin Delano Roosevelt, phungu Democratic. Pambuyo Roosevelt anatenga mpando wake, United States utsogoleli akufuna kusintha dzina la damu pa "Chimwala damu". Pa nthawiyi, kusankha ofunda sanatengedwe, koma kwa guidebooks onse alendo ndi zikalata zofunikira pa zaka zonsezi, dzina Hoover anataya.

zaka 2 atamwalira Roosevelt a, Dzhek Anderson, ndi California Kongeresi, anapereka asilikali a dongosolo kubwerera dzina lake Hoover. Bill lolingana yolembedwa ndi pulezidenti, ndi kuyambira damu limatchedwa "Hoover damu".

mtengo zoyendera

Pa damu mpaka 2010 mwambo Highway 93, omwe amayendetsa malangizo kumpoto ndi kum'mwera ndipo zikugwirizana kumalire Mexico ndi Arizona. Mbali ya msewu, ndilo pafupi damu, ndi buku la zoyendera opatsirana ndipo misewu si chikufanana. msewu uli aliyense malangizo yekha kanjira wina, koma pansi ake kwa damu Njoka zikuphatikizapo lopapatiza phompho ankasinthana angapo, malo aone osauka kwambiri. Komanso, msewu umamumvera kugumuka pafupipafupi.

Tikumbukenso kuti pambuyo uchigawenga cha 2001 zinali zochepa magalimoto kudzera damu la. Mitundu ina ya galimoto kuyenda imvera anayendera kuvomerezedwa kuti achotse mabomba kugulitsa, ndipo ena ali anayendera nthawi yokha.

Mu 2010, pafupifupi Hoover damu Bridge anatsegula Mike O'Callaghan. Ndi kwambiri adakula mphamvu pamsewu.

Impact pa chikhalidwe

Mapangidwe mosungiramo Mead ndi yomanga damu la anakhudzidwa zoyezeka pa Colorado Mtsinje, mode ake madzi, makamaka pa topezeka ake. Choncho zoipa chikoka madamu zosiyanasiyana lalikulu. Kwa zaka 6 pomanga damu ndi kudzazidwa ndi mosungiramo madzi ankadziwana ndi pafupifupi anafika.

Yomanga unatha kusefukira kwa madzi pafupipafupi, amene chimasiyanitsa Colorado Mtsinje chigwa. Koma pamenepa kuopsezedwa mwachindunji yomweyo angapo mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera zimene ndinazolowera osefukira zonse. Pomanga damu pambuyo pake za anthu yafupika nsomba. Panthawi panopa, 4 ya nsomba alonjezedwa ikutha.

Ngakhale lero, pansi pafupi Mead mosungiramo mutha kuona kupanda pamwamba madzi, umene anafikira mu 1983. Ichi chinali chifukwa ndalama yaikulu kwambiri ya mpweya umene wagwa chifukwa zotsatira za El Niño kumadzulo United States.

Chifanizo cha damu ili lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zosemasema. Mwachitsanzo, damu la tanenera m'buku la "mwana mmodzi storey America" ndi Ilf ndi Petrov, mu filimu "Universal NYAKHONDO" ndi "Transformers" komanso mu filimu chamoyo "Beavis ndi mbuyo mutu."