Information Nucleotides

The DNA ndi chibadwa chete

Dziko lonse wamoyo wapangidwa maselo. Nyama, nsomba, mbalame, zomera, bowa, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, anthu onse ali wapangidwa maselo. Kunja kwa chipinda palibe moyo. Maselo a zamoyo zonse ndi zofanana mu dongosolo, mipweya, ndi kupukusa chakudya, maselo onse chulukanani ndi kugawa. Iyi ndi dongosolo zovuta, pafupifupi lonse zovuta, kumene 1 chachiwiri makumi a zikwi mayankho. Mwatsoka, sitingathe kulamulira zinsinsi za maselo payekha. Apa amasangalala chitetezo chokwanira, zomwe ife Mukungoyamba Chotipambana. Munthu mu moyo wanu motsogozedwa ndi chifukwa, maselo kumene ndi kutsatira malamulo awo, amene si kumatsutsana nthawi zambiri ndi zokhumba zathu. Koma n'zotheka kwambiri kuti posachedwapa tidzatha kupeza chinenero iwo ndi kugwirizana za chinthu chinachake chofunika kwa ife ndi iwo.

Pakati pa maselo pachimake oyenerera mwa amene anapotoza mu helix awiri Watson-Crick wapadera kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya DNA. Onse a DNA lagawidwa zigawo waung'ono wotchedwa chibadwa. Izi unit zikuluzikulu za makhalidwe heritable kuti kudziwa kwathu maonekedwe, jenda, nzeru, moyo amayembekezeka ndipo, pamwamba pa tipatseni ife osiyanasiyana kuvutika chibadwa mtima, kuphatikizapo khalidwe Oncology.

mamolekyulu DNA ndi mwamphamvu ankanyamula mu mapuloteni envelopu ndi mawonekedwe conglomerates otchedwa DNA. Mu maselo somatic wa munthu, ndiko maselo a thupi lake, ndi diploid, kapena iwiri ya DNA. Iwo zidutswa 46, kapena awiriawiri 23. Mugulu lili mwamtheradi zofanana ya nkhani. Pamene khungu ukugawa awiriawiri DNA kudzipatula, ndi mukachipinda amalandira lonse zambiri. Kenako diploid chiwerengero DNA wabwezeretsedwa. The anthu maselo nyongolosi muli 23 DNA, koma pa umuna, pamene umuna ndi dzira lama fuyusi, akonzedwa awiri DNA wabwezeretsedwa. Choncho pali kusakaniza deta mwamuna ndi mkazi, kuchititsa wosabadwa amalandira zizindikiro ndi amayi ndi abambo.

Kuchotsedwa chibadwa zonse zili ya DNA a maselo nyongolosi, wotchedwa matupi a anthu. Lathunthu matupi a anthu lili pafupi 80 zikwi chibadwa. The DNA wamangidwa, mwina kovuta kwambiri ngati ndi wapachiyambi. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi Magawo awiri yaitali. filaments The amapangidwa ndi nucleotides. Nucleotides - mankhwala pawiri wopangidwa mwa zinthu zitatu izi: nitrogenous m'munsi, zimam'patsa deoxyribose acid phosphoric. Popanda kupita tsatanetsatane, tinganene kuti DNA wa dziko lonse organic anapanga mitundu inayi yokha ya nucleotides. Ndi zilembo zinayi, anthu anayi a zilembo za moyo: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) ndi cytosine (C). N'zokhudza kwa wina ndi mnzake mu polima unyolo masauzande nanometers, mamita oposa 3 yaitali. kutalika uyu wa thonje mwamantha oposa 3 biliyoni. Nucleotides mu ndondomeko kuti, ndi onse mfundo majini ndiyotengera. nkhosi ziwiri izi cholukanalukana mwa maunyolo a hydrogen ndi spirally momuzungulira wina kupanga dongosolo wandiweyani imene zinsinsi ambiri kusungidwa. Asayansi anakumana vuto kuwulula zinsinsi izi kwa decode matupi a anthu, ie, kudziwa zonse za majini ndi kudziwa phindu. Ntchito ankaoneka zimayamba mwamsanga, ndipo kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi "Human matupi athu" inayamba mu 1990.

M'kupita kwa ntchito zazikulu wakhala kuwerenga ndi genomes zomera ndi nyama zamoyo oposa 800, kuphatikizapo wothandizila causative mabakiteriya ambiri zoipa: chifuwa chachikulu, Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, zilonda zam'mimba, ndi ena. Nkofunika kuti mankhwala. gulu lonse la mankhwala atsopano kulimbana cholowa matenda okhudzana katemera yapangidwa motsutsa wothandizila causative a matenda amenewa analengedwa. Mankhwalawa ndi amphamvu kusiyana ndi kale chiyambi, kuyambira ali selectivity a kanthu ndi zochokera kwa mipherezero jini ndi mapuloteni. Wamphamvu patsogolo zabwino wabweza m'munda wa mankhwala maselo majini matenda matenda ndi mankhwala, ndi kukonza majini ife anaona zochitika zapadera, lofunika kwambiri limene mwina cloning. Cloning adzapulumutsa ndi awonjezere atulukira kwambiri cha chilengedwe, ndi tsogolo la munthu.

ziyembekezo zosaneneka anatsegula obereketsa. Analengedwa pa maziko a chibadwa , zomera transgenic akuloledwa kwambiri kuonjezera zokolola za mbewu, kwathunthu kuthetsa zomvetsa udzu ndi tizirombo, ndi nyama transgenic kukantha m'maganizo athu ndi zokolola zake, matenda kukana, chonde.

Opalamula komanso kukhala nazo luso lawo limene limatipatsa kudalirika mtheradi pankhani ya chizindikiritso cha zedi ochepa zakuthupi: .. Dontho malovu, particles wa tsitsi, dandruff, etc. Anthu ambiri osalakwa lonse akhala wolungama, koma zigawenga weniweni adapanga kulangidwa pamaziko a kusanthula mbewu. Panali njira yodalirika kudziwa bambo, umayi ndi ubale kuthana ndi mavuto a cholowa cha malo, akuwuka ku mwambo wa chilamulo.

Analandira zosayembekezeka ndi wapadera amene amafuna kutanthauzira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira Kuyerekezera matupi a anthu ndi matupi a wachibale wathu wapafupi, chimpanzi anasonyeza adzadziwire pafupifupi zikwi magawo. Mumakhala iwo okha pang'ono kuposa kusiyana anthu ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. munthu kunapezeka kuti oyandikira nyama kuposa kotheka kuti aganizire. Chotero digiri yapamwamba ya ubwenzi afika ofufuza chopunthwa ndipo amafuna kuti iwowo njira nzeru ndi njira. Pangakhale zina zopangidwa kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha pa nkhaniyi moyo.

Chibadwa, kuphatikizapo mutu wa polojekiti "Human matupi athu> F. Collins, motsogozedwa ndi bwino, kukonza maulosi angapo odzitukumula posachedwapa. Kuyambira 2020 msika ayenera kuona mankhwala a matenda a shuga, matenda oopsa, khansa ndi matenda amisala chimakula kukonza majini, amene amalola enieni ntchito maselo owonongeka. Gene mankhwala pa maselo nyongolosi-mzere kupewa matenda otengera kwa makolo. Ndi 2040, kudzakhala kotheka pa adasungidwa munthu matupi a anthu, ndipo amathera openga majini nawo ukalamba. Izi kuonjezera pafupifupi moyo amayembekezeka munthu kwa zaka 120, ndipo m'tsogolo kumupatsa kwambiri wolakalakika chosafa. Pomaliza, anthu adzakhala amatha kudziletsa kusanduka zawo. zolosera zonse izi ngati wosangalatsa, koma kudzatenga zaka, mwina kwambiri m'munsi, kuposa anthu amene ofufuza amati, zonse izo zitakhala zenizeni, ndipo tidzakhala anthu ena.

Komabe, ngakhale lero DNA akugwirizira zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi. Computer kusanthula matupi athu nyama anatilola kudziwa chiwerengero cha zigawo mamolekyulu DNA kuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Apa, geneticists apeza mfundo zodabwitsa. Kunapezeka kuti mitundu yambiri mbali yaing'ono chabe ya ndondomeko okwana matupi athu ndi encodes mapuloteni. Popeza okha 2% ya matupi encode mapuloteni 48% ya matupi athu akugwira nawo okha siteji yoyamba ya 'kala' ikusonyeza ndipo kenako kaphatikizidwe mapulotini inaimitsidwa ndi oposa 50% ya matupi athu ndi wapangidwa ndi sanali 'kala' ikusonyeza, mobwerezabwereza DNA mindandanda chikukhudza Komanso chachikulu chiwerengero cha makombo a mavairasi chidina. Pamene kuyerekeza deta awa ndi genomes nyama ataima pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana makwerero zamoyo zinachita, ofufuza kusankha koma chododometsa china. Kunapezeka kuti nyama pa siteji m'munsi mwa zamoyo wa cholowa cha si wolemba pulogalamu DNA ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Kumbali kuchuluka, chiri motere. Choncho bakiteriya, pafupifupi onse DNA ndi ntchito, ndi 90% ndi% 10 okha monga anali wopanda pake. Mu yisiti 68% ya DNA ndi 'kala' ikusonyeza, 32% ya sanali 'kala' ikusonyeza. Nematodes ndi chiŵerengero izi ndi 24% ndi 76% motero. Lake amakhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha zigawo 'kala' ikusonyeza ya DNA amachepetsa, pamene gawo la nkhani yosokoneza kwa ife kumawonjezera. Apa, pamene zikuoneka pa koyamba, munthu angayembekezere ndi zotsatira zosiyana. F.Krik, kuti "owonjezera" DNA yomanga "zinyalala", ndalama kusanduka ndi kulipira otsala gawo ungwiro. ulamuliro Unquestioned wa wasayansi kwa zaka zambiri analanda ulemu ankafunika mbali yaikulu molekyulu wapadera. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi ambiri sakuzindikira ulamuliro, tinaganiza m'manda lingaliro la "DNA zosapatsa" wapafupi zotheka yankho la chinsinsi sanali wolemba pulogalamu DNA wachititsa zokambirana mu atolankhani a geneticists. mazana a nkhani pa nkhaniyi, anandiuza zambiri zikuchitika chidwi zinalembedwa. Iwo adapempha udindo woteteza anthu amene sanali wolemba pulogalamu DNA, n'kupanga misa yovuta chofunika kuthamanga zina njira okhudza maselo ambiri, mapangidwe mizere odulidwa ndi kumata mu splicing zina. A Di Mattick Mwachitsanzo, akukhulupirira kuti si wolemba pulogalamu DNA onse - akadali encodes otchedwa wothandiza ribonucleic asidi, RNA.

Tinapita kukaonana ndi vuto mbali ya chete kwa DNA ndi linzake. Anthu ena amanena kuti DNA wolembedwa ndi kusungidwa, osati uthengawu ku maselo, komanso zotchedwa nkhani yovuta. nkhani yovuta amagwirizana ndi zinthu zimene oopsadi kukhalako kwa thupi. ngati mfundo m'zigawo luso ali ndi makhalidwe ake, tikambirana pansipa.

Pakuti kuphunzira anasankhidwa wamba Brewer a yisiti gulu Saccharomyces. Yisiti ndi zodabwitsa chitsanzo chinthu eukaryotic maselo zosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku m'minda ya sayansi, immunology, chibadwa. Yisiti chibadwa yaikulu kuchuluka kwa ntchito, onse ongolankhula ndi zofufuza anayamba mofulumira kwambiri, iyo inali ikuchitika. Pomaliza, mu 1996, zinali anafufuza kwathunthu matupi athu a yisiti Saccharomyces cerevisiae, amene anali maziko yojambula mu systematics maselo a yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu. Zimenezi zinathandiza fanizo mwachindunji za ndondomeko ya nucleotides mu matupi athu awo. N'chifukwa chake yisiti ndi amene asankhidwa kukhala chinthu kafukufuku wathu.

mtundu wa yisiti kuperekedwa ndi eukaryotic ochiritsira, i.e. kukhala pakati selo awiri a 3 - 7 mm. Bowa akhoza kupirira otsika kutentha kwambiri ndipo ngakhale yozizira koopsa sadzafa, koma amaundana, pakubwezeretsa onse njira zanu kagayidwe kachakudya. Chabwino iwo kumva komanso lachikondi, koma pa kutentha pamwamba 47 digiri zamoyo awo inaimitsidwa, ndi pa kutentha 80 - 100 madigiri kufa.

Choncho yovuta kwa kutentha nkhungu ili pafupi madigiri 80. Kumamukopa kutentha zinthu pa maselo wa bowa Saccharomyces cerevisiae, apeza kuti kusintha mbali nyukiliotayidi mu loci chete ka tinthu awo DNA. More amadza aukali zikuphatikizapo kusintha mu dera wolemba pulogalamu ya DNA ndi kusokoneza viability wa thupi laling'ono.

Choncho, mu chete loci DNA ya bowa analemba zokhudza zinthu chowawa kuopseza miyoyo yawo. Ndiponso, izi ndi zinthu zomwe anam'bweretsera kuwononga kwambiri, koma iye anali ndi moyo woterowo zitamuyendera okha. Kamodzi zinthu izi, bowa ndi akudziwa kale za zotsatira zoipa za ndi njira zonse kuzipewa. Chinthu chomwecho chimachitika ndi maselo a anthu. thupi mulinso maselo amakhala ufulu ndithu ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Iwo kulemba nkhani yovutayi, ndiponso kuyesa ntchito monga kuopseza pamavuto moyo ma. mfundo zovuta maselo ananena mu ubongo, linalembedwa zomverera za. Lililonse kutengeka, zikhale zithunzi zithunzi kugwirizana ndi anthu, nyumba, mtunda, pamene izi zachitika, pafupifupi zinachititsa kuti tsoka, zochitika, fungo kulawa, zomverera mkati, monga zowawa, phokoso ndi kumene kwalembedwa mu mamolekyulu ndi DNA. munthu anapulumuka, nkhani zalembedwera maselo amakhulupirira kuti adzakhala mu lotereli ndi zambiri angamuthandize kuti apulumuke kachiwiri. DNA mamolekyulu ndi mankhwala mwachilungamo khola ndipo angathe kusunga mfundo zawo mpaka kalekale. Choncho, zochitika yovuta olembedwa matabwa ake akhoza kukhala kwambiri, akale kwambiri.

Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, timayesetsa kupereka chitsanzo. Izo zinachitika mu lakutali Persia. Persia anakhazikitsidwa mu BC VI atumwi. e. Zinali ufumu wamkulu ku Iguputo kwa Indus Mtsinje. Mu 332 BC. e. Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky asilikali a mfumu Dariyo ndi kulanda chuma mzinda Persipol. Pakuti kukana kusimidwa, iye anawapatsa mzinda kwa masiku 3 asilikali ake kuti adani. nzika ankakhala mantha. The nyumba zazikulu, mu chipinda chake, mwaphuma kupemphera mtsikana ndipo ndinawafunsa Ambuye kuti apulumuke. Mozungulira anaima zithunzi ndi makandulo moto. Wamphamvu nkhonya akuswa khomo ndi kudzimbidwa ndi chipinda Kasupe mu chimphona. A nkhondo lalifupi ndi mkazi anagwetsa, wagona chikomokere pansi. Wake wagwiriridwa, kumva mawu Greek, nyumba talandidwa ndi kupita. Zawonongeka mkazi anapulumuka, ndipo mwa zina, mwamwayi kapena mwatsoka, anakhala ndi pakati. ndi zomverera onse a tsiku limenelo zoopsa: mafano, makandulo, kulankhula Greek, ululu, mkokomo wa inalembedwa mamolekyulu ake DNA. Mkazi bwinobwino anapulumutsa ndipo linapereka zinthu zonse kwa mwana wanu. Woyendayenda pa nkhani dazeni mibadwo ingapo wa zimenezi, pamapeto, kunapezeka kuti mnyamata majini mu nthawi yathu, ndipo, oddly mokwanira, mu Russia.

Mulimonsemo, nkhaniyi ukafunidwe. Mwachibadwa, adzakhala kufunika zikufanana ndi zomwe wakhala analandira. Pa nthawi thupi kutali anatha kupulumuka ndi kulowa mu mkhalidwe umenewu, adzakhala umakaniko kubala zomverera ndiponso zochita zonse zinalembedwa mu DNA ake. Ngati iye ali mu mpingo, pamene pali zithunzi ndi makandulo ya moto, iwo amayamba falitsani padziko pansi ndi kumuopseza kufuula. Pankhaniyi tikanene kuti ziwanda kukakhala naye. Ngati mwadzidzidzi analankhula Greek, tinganene kuti mu moyo m'mbuyomu iye ankakhala ku Greece. Ndipotu, mnyamata sunayambe wakhalapo kapena Greece, kapena ku Perisiya, iye alibe ziwanda. Iye walemba mu DNA mamolekyulu nkhani yovuta imene kumuteteza kukhala mwamtendere ndi kuti mothandizidwa ndi psychoanalysis, Freud W akhoza bwinobwino kuchotsedwa.

Kodi tinganene pomaliza pa nkhani imeneyi? Tili zambiri mwachindunji nkhawa moyo wa maselo a thupi okha olembedwa loci chete kwa DNA. Anthu, zambiri amatenga pafupifupi buku lonse la DNA, chifukwa cha nthawi yaikulu kuli zoterezi anali yaikulu. zinthu zinali zambiri zofanana, kotero tikuona mu loci chete ambiri kubwereza. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mbiri yakale akhoza achotsa mfundo zolembedwa loci chete kwambiri wocheperapo mu wolemba pulogalamu chibadwa. Choncho, kamodzinso zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti mu chikhalidwe palibe malo mwangozi, ndipo aliyense chodabwitsa mu lili cholinga chake. Ndipo ife anthu, ayenera kudziwa kuti si nthawi zonse khalidwe lathu malinga ndi chifukwa choncho, si nthawi zonse zoyenera zochitika.

Ielikov SL