Kestler Artur: yonena ndi ntchito

Mu September 1905 ku likulu la Hungary, Budapest, wobadwa Kestler Artur, wolemba m'tsogolo, amakonda ya otsutsa Soviet, opulumuka Zopatsa Chidwi ndipo anapambana tsogolo.

banja

Bambo wa wolemba Henrik Koestler anali mbadwa ya ochokera Russia, ndi bizinezi yaikulu, koma kafukufuku kuli bwino. Iye anatulukira ndipo ambiri anagulitsa sopo imatengedwa umathandizanso, umene unali wodzala ndi zinthu nyukiliya. Pambuyo wozunzikirapo kwa nkhanza kwa iye anamwalira mu 1937 khansa. mwana wake, Kestler Artur, mwinamwake, sopo chimenechi ntchito, koma pang'ono, chifukwa iye anakhala kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale mavuto ndi nkhondo, koma anafa khansa.

mayi wolembayo kubanja la Austria bourgeoisie losauka koma onyada. N'zovuta kudutsa stagnation ku Budapest, izi m'derali lachifumu. Mwina pa kuumirira a banja lake mu 1918 anasamukira ku Vienna, kumene malonda mwamuna wake anakana. Pamene Nazi anayamba kulamulira, ndipo mwamuna wake atamwalira, iye anasiya Movutikira kuti kontinenti kudwala-fated ndipo anasamukira ku England. Zili kwa iye ndi Kestler Artur "kachilombo" ndi chikondi kwa fuko lino chilumba.

wamng'ono ndakatulo

Komabe kuphunzira pa sukulu Chihangare, mnyamata anasonyeza kuti chidwi ndi wochenjera, kupeza lokonza kwambiri sayansi. Wonse analemba ndakatulo kuyambira ndili wamng'ono. Popeza kusukulu anali Chihangare, imfa ya dziko kumanzere kwake ndi imasonkhezera.

moyo wa banja mu 1922 mwachionekere sanali kuwala, koma seventini Kestler Artur anakhoza kulowa Vienna sukulu luso, amene anapereka maphunziro apamwamba, monga anali udindo yunivesite. Mu maphunziro ake, mosokanirana nkhani awiri ochititsa kuti: masamu komanso sayansi. Ndipo, ndithudi, iye anapitiriza kulemba, ngakhale mu nyimbo. Patatha zaka zinayi, mnyamata zinadziwika mu Europe monga mtolankhani wina.

maulendo

Popeza 1926, chaka Arthur Koestler, amene yonena ndi kufalitsidwa nkomwe poyerekeza ndi madera ake ndi maulendo apaulendo mwaphamphu monga kusindikiza Ulshtayna mtolankhani anapita ambiri Middle maiko, ntchito ku Germany, Austria, Spain ndipo France. nkhani ake onse osati chidwi ankawerenga - iwo anali kuyembekezera, nafuna, iwo anagawanika.

mofulumira kwambiri kutchuka achinyamata Koestler analandira watsopano "khalidwe" - anakhala wotchuka. Iye anakwanitsa essays wake, malipoti, ndipo ngakhale correspondences zing'onozing'ono kuuza owerenga zofunika kwambiri ndi chidwi kwambiri. ndi mawu, kumene, poyamba anali ndi katswiri. Ku North Pole mu 1931 anaitanidwa kuuluka mtolankhani umodzi. Zinali Arthur Koestler, amene mabuku ndiye retell zambiri anakumana, anawulukira pa wotchuka German airship amatchedwa "Graf Zeppelin".

mayeso

Kusonkhanitsa mfundo ntchito yake Spain, anavutika ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, Koestler analandidwa mu Malaga Franco ndi chilango cha imfa chifukwa espionage. Miyezi isanu yaitali iye anayembekezera tsiku lililonse, atakhala mu chipinda chayekha, pamene iwo anabwera kwa iye ndipo ndi imfa. Pafupifupi theka la chaka kudikira aliyense akanakhoza kuyima. Kudikira imfa yake, kumvetsera mapazi mu hallway - ndipo pano kachiwiri mwa?

Pakali pano, mayiko anatsutsa, oimira yachilendo anachita chirichonse chimene akadatha kuti akalandire amasulidwe mtolankhani wotchuka. kulimbikira kwambiri munthu kunapezeka kuti Kestler Artur. Photos wa zaka anasonyeza zimenezi. Pomaliza, mkazi wolembayo anali umasinthanitsidwa ndi Franco woyendetsa asilikali.

kachikhulupiriro

A zambiri anthu anzeru ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo ankaganiza kuti bwino kuyesa Soviet, chifukwa anali wogwira mtima njira kwa ulendo wopambana wa Fascism mu Europe. Arthur Koestler chibatizidwireni wa Party Communist mu 1931, pakati pa zaka khumi anali pafupifupi chaka anapita ku Soviet Union, ndipo ambiri a alendo ku Central Asia patsogolo. mabuku Wake Kale, komanso mabuku ndale momveka bwino kuganizira nthawi imeneyi wake.

Mu mmasate mochedwa Mu zaka zapitazo Koestler razochatovalsya mu dongosolo chikominisi ndi kumanzere chipani mwamsanga pamene iye anaphunzira za yesero la Bukharin, amene ankadziwa bwino, ndipo inkakhala ubwenzi. Buku, limene zoyenera zochitika izi Arthur Koestler - "Mdima pa Msana" poyambirira ankavala dzina lina. Wolemba lidzakwaniritsidwe kuyeretsa 1937-1938-ntchentche monga potsimikizira-chosintha alibe wa dziko Soviet. Mu 1940 anafalitsa buku lake latsopano ndi Arthur Koestler. "Mdima pa Msana" mu London, lofalitsidwa ndi mutu "Mdima pa Msana" - mu English translation ku German, ndi woyamba kulandidwa pamene kufufuza ndi irretrievably anataya. Kumadzulo, tinakumana odana Soviet buku, chifundo kwambiri, ngakhale ambiri olemba monga Orwell.

Zopatsa

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Koestler anatumikira mu French okhonda Legiyo, ndiyeno anasamutsidwa naye Africa, kumene bwinobwino anasiya. Via Lisbon anaulukira ku England, kumene iye anakhala mwezi ndi theka m'ndende. Osati chifukwa chothaŵa ndi kulowa oletsedwa ku UK. Iwo anamasulidwa iye yekha anavomera kuthandiza. Conco, Koestler anakhala mongodzipereka. Kuphatikizapo Minesweeper, koma kwenikweni anagwira wailesi zokopa, analemba timapepala ta kwa asilikali a Wehrmacht, lectured za Ulamuliro. Ndipo izo zimayenera kukhala pa ntchito nthawi ya mabomba a. Chifukwa iye ankadziwa mmene kuyendetsa galimoto, anapatsidwa ambulansi ndi.

Mu 1942, pokhala pa kutaya kwa Utumiki wa Information, analemba zolembedwa ndi timabuku, ndipo wachita pa wailesi BBC. Nkhondo itatha, Koestler ndinaganizira nyumba yaikulu France, kumene odzipereka pafupifupi onse wake luso publicist kulimbana ndi boma chikominisi. anakhumudwa unakula kwambiri moti kuwawa ndi chiyani sudzatha konse. Gulu odana ndi zomwe congresses, ndalama pothandizira ufulu aluntha, poona ndi Berliners mbali zonse za khoma. Osati popanda ntchito zabwino: mu thumba chisamaliro wake allocated ndalama zochizira Ivan Bunin.

analembadi

Popeza 1954, chaka wolemba ankakhala ku London, komwe anatenga nzika British. Pamodzi ndi nkhani pa mayunivesite ndi ntchito sayansi Steenforde buku latsopano ndi dystopia. Artur Kestler "The Age chilakolako" analembanso mwachindunji: owerenga ankafunika kugonjera mantha zonse za kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Party Communist la France. Pa mutu womwewo lofalitsidwa ndi Buku lomaliza, zaka khumi - ". Njira ya dinosaur ndi" nkhani ndi nkhani yochepa Mu makumi asanu Mu zaka zapitazo Koestler kale kuganizira za ufulu aluntha pansi pa mthunzi wa bowa mtambo. Komabe, omvetsera anafuna mantha chikominisi ndi bomba la nyukiliya pa wokonzeka ngati aiwala, amene manja zinawonongedwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki.

Koma panali "ozizira nkhondo", koma chifukwa mabuku Koestler kwambiri kwambiri kwambiri. Mu 1967 iye anali asankha kuti Nobel Prize, ndipo mu 1968 anapambana Zonninga. Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi kunabwera dvadtsatitomnik wolemba ntchito zopereka. Britain, nayenso, anayamikira ntchito Koestler - dongosolo la Britain anali amaitcha kuti wolemba mu 1972, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri anakhala Knight mabuku - lakale aulemu mutu wa Royal Society of Literature.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Wolemba wakhala analimbikitsa kuti legalization imfa zaufulu (kumaliza), ngakhale anakhala wachiwiri kwa Pulezidenti wa anthu, amene anamenyera ufulu kufa ndi ulemu. Ndipo mu 1980s oyambirira, iye anatha kutsimikizira ndi zikhulupiriro Mwachitsanzo kukana. Kuyambira zaka anapanga lokha anamva ndi matenda Parkinson ndipo mofulumira osauka khansa (Adadi sopo!), Tsogolo limaneneratu Chowawa kwambiri kutha. Wachitatu mu March 1983 wolemba Arthur Koestler ndi mkazi wake Cynthia ndatenga ogonetsa, n'zogwirizana ndi moyo kwakukulukulu.

mkhalidwe wawo wonse anapatsa kuphunzira zochitika paranormal, chifukwa umene unakonzedwa ndi University of Edinburgh kafukufuku gulu parapsychology Koestler Parapsychology Unit. dzina The Russian wolemba Koestler anadziwika kokha ndi kusintha, ngakhale mu 1937, "Young Alonda" lakuti "zidzachuluka wovulalayo" - buku la Franco ndi nkhanza lopondereza m'chiyambi cha kupanduka kwake. Komanso, mfundo ili laperekedwa kwa iye ndi ena odana ndi lopondereza lofalitsidwa mu London - "Spanish Testament," zimene owerenga analidziwitsa magazini "okhonda Literature" (pa nthawiyo, "mayiko Literature"). Popeza kutulutsidwa kwa buku za kuzunzidwa kwa aliyense mu Russia si kukumbutsidwa Koestler.

zopeka

Mu 1951 ndinaona amasulidwe yopeka yonena - nkhani zakale, tsoka. Artur Kestler "The Age chilakolako" analembanso za kuopa Soviet mtendere: zochita za posachedwapa, France ndi za kugonjetsa asilikali Russian akukonzekera kugunda atchule ngwazi chachikulu cha buku, koma dziko akuyesa kupulumutsa ndi American, ndi zimene wolemba anagwa mu chikondi ndi ichi akazembe chilombo.

A zambiri mabuku, nkhani yaifupi, ndipo ngakhale maseŵero Koestler olembedwa polemba chinenero ichi. Kuli amadziwika essays ake anzeru. "Somnabuly", "Act of Creation," "Nkhani ya mzamba achule" - ntchito zonse izi mwanjira ina yogwirizana ndi worldview wa wolemba ndi maganizo ake odana ndi chikominisi. Artur Kestler "mzimu mu makina" (kapena "Mzimu mu Machine") komanso anachita polemba chinenero cha nkhaniyo. Iye anali mmodzi wa othandizana wotchuka kwambiri lingaliro la Ashkenazi Ayuda, amene mwamva sanabwere ku Palestina, koma kwa Turkic Khazars ku ankadziwana Volga. Komanso, anali ndi chidwi mu ndondomeko maganizo sayansi. Izi mawunikidwe chidwi kwambiri, pamodzi ndi ena nadzaza pafupifupi nkhani wolemba ambiri.

"Kaswili wa snobbery"

Arthur Koestler ndi kufufuza kwambiri inayamba ndi maganizo yaitali chikhalidwe, zofooka mwangwiro English. wolemba analemba zonse zimene anaona ndi comprehended, ndi nthabwala, ngakhale si anasintha, koma mosiyana - owala anasonyeza zizindikiro za matenda a chitukuko ambiri, ndi English anthu makamaka, ndi kusamuka kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, nthanthi opanda kanthu. "Kaswili wa snobbery", ngakhale kapepalako, anatembenuka kwambiri, kwambiri mabuku ntchito anachita.

The Khazars

"Chakhumi ndi chitatu fuko" Arthur Koestler analemba kachiwiri za Khazars, mfundo zake view - wa Ayuda. Ngakhale kuti bukuli ndi voluminous ndithu, tsa kwambiri yotakata si bwino anaphimba. Mbali yoyamba analongosola mkhalidwe wa Khazars zimenezi ndi wachiwiri chimakhala chogwidwa ndi umboni lonjezo limeneli. Komanso, malinga ndi wolemba, mayiko onse Ulaya kokha Ayuda Khazar chiyambi. Ndinawerenga bukuli zosavuta, ngakhale maumboni ambiri mbiri ndi chidziwitso osachepera owerenga pa mlingo uliwonse za Khazars okha.

Wokongola zosangalatsa kudziwa latsopano, kukuza malire a zomwe zakhala analandira kale (Khazar Khanate ndi nkhondo Ili Muromtsa - apa, mwinamwake, ndi zonse pamaso kuwerenga bukuli anali pa phunziro kudziwika). Komabe, Ndikufuna kuwona njira zambiri yofunika kwambiri kuti nkhani za dongosolo msonkho, asilikali, kapangidwe kasamalidwe ndi ena ambiri. Koma izo ndi mochedwa kwambiri kubweretsa zonena za mlembi. Popular mabuku sayansi, ndi mtundu wanyimbo monga mankhwala, izo anapirira.

sanyalanyaza mbiri

Mulimonsemo, yankho Koestler odana Semitism si amasonyeza, alinso originelen. Ndi kugwa kwa othawa Khazars Khanate akukhamukira ku Ulaya ndi lero, anthu ochokera ku Middle East. Phata yaikulu ya Khazars ankati Chiyuda ndipo anali zotsatira za mafunde angapo kusamuka kwa anthu koteroko. Ethnically izo siziri Semites Choncho, odana Semitism ndi untenable monga azimuth, ananena Koestler.

Pa masamba a "chakhumi ndi chitatu fuko la" akuthamanga Mabuku a akalambula ambiri, kuphunzira kapena kungoti zokhudza funso: ndi magwero Byzantine, kwenikweni apaulendo Arab, "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" ntchito za Toynbee, Artamonov, Vernadsky, ndipo ambiri a mbiri inanso odziwika. Komabe, mosiyana ndi akuona mapangidwe, ndi kugwa kwa boma la Khazars Arthur Koestler.

"Omenyana"

Koestler komanso champhamvu donos kwa wowerenga masomphenya a zinthu ngati odziwika bwino mbiri yakale, monga kupanduka kwa Spartacus. Izo ziyenera kuti zaka pafupifupi zisanu, wolemba anaphunzira ndi kusanthula zipangizo, koma izo sizinali bwino mmene gulu la asangalatsi zingapo masewera aja akanakhoza mofulumira oyimba amathandiza asilikali lonse ndi zatenga theka la Italy. wolemba akuona chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa ulimi sikutanthauza Spartacus umene ukuyenera kukhala wolamulira wankhanza, ngati akufuna kuti apambane.