Kodi chinenero agglutinative?

okonda pang'ono kuphunzira zinenero mawu a malingaliro awo. Kawirikawiri aliyense ndi kungofuna kucheza ndi alendo m'chinenero chawo, osati kumvetsa chifukwa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi adjectives amaterowo ina. Komabe zilankhulo ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi kutithandiza kuyankha mafunso monga: "? Chingerezi - inflectional kapena agglutinative" Othandiza ntchito layman mu izi pang'ono, kumvetsa chiphunzitso, akhoza kumva monga "ntchito" zilankhulo, ndi kupitiriza kufufuza awo kale pafupifupi intuitively.

History of zilankhulo

anthu wamba chabe kulankhula popanda kulingalira momwe iwo amachita izo, ndi chifukwa mawu ena udzakhazikitsidwe Motero,. Komabe, pali anthu amene amadzifunsa malamulo ankalankhula osiyana zimamangidwa. Ndipo anthu amene anali ndi chidwi izo kale nthawi yathu, kwenikweni anatulukira sayansi timadziwira ngati zilankhulo. Tsopano ndi kovuta kunena inayika mizu yake, chifukwa lero chilango chimenechi lagawidwa unyinji wa nthambi. Koma monga momwe zilankhulo ano, tate wake angatchedwe American wasayansi Leonarda Blumfilda. activism ake anabwera pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX, ndipo iye anali wokhoza kuuzira otsatira ake kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso, komanso mu ntchito zawo zothandiza.

Mozungulira nthawi yomweyo kuchita kufanizitsa zomwe yodziwika chinenero monga kwambiri kapena zochepa anayamba pamaziko a zizindikiro ochiritsira kwambiri, anakanidwa. Vutoli sichinayambe yowalanga mpaka m'ma XX atumwi, pamene anatenga gulu latsopano chifukwa cha maganizo Fridriha Shlegelya ndi Wilhelm Von Humboldt. Mitundu Morphological m'zinenero - amorphous, agglutinative, inflected - anatsindika wathawu. Ndi ndi zina zowonjezera ndipo akupitiriza ntchito lero.

Mitundu ya Modern Zilankhulo

zilankhulo Modern amagwiritsa gulu zotsatirazi:

1. kalembedwe mbali :

• mawunikidwe;
• kupanga.

2. mbali morphological:

• kutchinjiriza;
• chilankhulo agglutinative;
• inflectional kapena fusional;
• incorporative.

Kusokoneza magulu awiriwa kukhala, koma kwenikweni pafupifupi chimateteza zinenero lifanane ndi analytic lapansi. Komabe, apa amaona zinthu chosiyana. Ndipo kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe mu nkhani iyi ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

agglutinative

Mawu amenewa ntchito osati zilankhulo, komanso Mwachitsanzo, mu zamoyo. Kutembenukira ku Latin ndiko titero, "mayi" ambiri a mawu omasuliridwa lenilenilo lidzalira monga "kulumikiza". Agglutinative mtundu wa chinenero zikusonyeza kuti mapangidwe mayunitsi latsopano lexical kumachitika kuika m'munsi kapena muzu wa mbali zina (affixes): .. Suffixes, prefixes, etc. Nkofunika kuti aliyense wa formant limafanana ndi mtengo umodzi wokha, zimene zinachitikira pali pafupifupi opanda kuchotserapo mu malamulo a declension ndi conjugation. Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu ndi wamkulu ndi wochepa otukuka poyerekeza ndi inflected. Komabe, pali umboni ndi mfundo zosiyana ndi view, mpaka pamene palibe chifukwa kuganizira kwambiri wosazindikira zinenero agglutinative.

Zitsanzo ndi osiyanasiyana: ndi Finno-Ugric ndi Turkic, Mongolian ndi Korean, Japanese, Chijojiya, Indian ndi mayiko ena African, komanso ambiri a adverbs yokumba (Chiesperanto, Ido) a gulu.

Chodabwitsa agglutination tinganene kuti chitsanzo cha chinenero Chikigizi, amene ali gulu la dikishonare, sipangakhalenso umasamutsidwa ku Russian monga "dostoruma". "Zoyenera" - maziko, kutanthauza "bwenzi". Mbali ya "torus" amatanthauza zambiri. "Mtima" ukuchitira chizindikiro angaloledwe munthu woyamba, amene ndi "wanga". Pomaliza, "ndi" akutanthauza dative. Chifukwa ndi "anzanga".

inflectional

Mu formant gulu nawo derivation mukhoza kuchita zinthu zingapo kalembedwe yogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, kukuchitika chinenero cha Chirasha.

Mawu "wobiriwira" ndi kothera -th, kaphatikizidwe zizindikiro bwino dative, mmodzi ndi chachimuna. Izi zimatchedwa inflections formant.

Pachikhalidwe, mtundu wa zinenero monga pafupifupi onse khola m'mayiko a European m'zinenero: German, Russian, Latin ndi magulu Ayuda ndi Sami. Akatswiri anaona makhalidwe a imfa ya inflections monga chitukuko kulankhula. Mwachitsanzo, English otsiriza a gulu ili, ndipo tsopano iye ali, mu Ndipotu, pafupifupi mawunikidwe asayambe mabwinja ochepa. Chitsanzo china kusinthika a angatchedwe Chiameniya, ankatsatira adverbs kwambiri Caucasus ndi kutembenukira ku gulu loyenera. Tsopano chinenero agglutinative.

zokutira zitsulo

Kwa mtundu uwu amakhala ndi kusapezeka pafupifupi morphemes. Derivation makamaka amapezeka ndi mawu ntchito ziganizo okhwima kapangidwe ndi ngakhale intonation.

A chitsanzo chabwino kwa gulu ili ndi Agiriki chinenero Chinese amene alibiretu chinthu monga declination la mbali ya kulankhula ndi mneni tenses. Kusonyeza ngati kanthu m'mbuyomu, kapena ngati izi zichitike m'tsogolomu, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi zochitika mawu zina zinchito. Kusonyeza Chalk ntchito Mitsemphayi, ndi kulemba nkhani - particles wapadera. Pankhaniyi, ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo la ziganizo Zimapezeka ndi zovuta kuti mawu. N'chimodzimodzi anamuona pa Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao.

kwambiri mtundu uwu ndi English, pafupifupi linasiiratu zizindikiro za Kukweza mawu.

kuwonjezekeredwa

Izi gulu watsopano, sikuphatikizidwa mu kufanizitsa chakale, izo amafananadi ndi agglutinative. Ndipotu, zochitika awiri awa a chikhalidwe chimodzimodzi ndipo Nthawi zambiri pamodzi. Komabe zilankhulo chimasiyanitsa iwo, kukhulupirira kuti ngati agglutination amakhudza mawu okhawo, chifukwa choti zingaoneke mu pempholo lonse, mwachitsanzo unit mukhoza kufotokoza zovuta wapakamwa-mwadzina zovuta.

wosanganiza

Payokha, mtundu uwu zosonyeza ankaona foni kapena wina adverb mitundu Transitional, ngati iwo ali onse zizindikiro za Kukweza mawu, ndipo mwina ena mbali wachinsinsi monga chinenero agglutinative. Izi Russian, Caucasus, Hamitic ndi Ayuda, Bantu, North America ndi ena. Iwo zambiri monga amatchedwa kupanga, kuwapatsa malangizo mlingo wa Kukweza mawu.

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, n'zovuta kuonetsetsa agglutinative, inflected, kutchinjiriza ndi pophatikiza zinenero mu maonekedwe ake kopambana. mwanjira ina iliyonse Chitsanzo kunyamula mbali yaing'ono zinazo. Ichi ndi chifukwa onse kuti zamoyo, ndipo ndi anzake kutsekera zinenero mu dziko lero ambiri ngongole ndi Kufufuza.

chitukuko cha zilankhulo

Zaka zambirimbiri, akatswiri amanena za mtundu kuganizira ano ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa. Komabe, palibe patsogolo kwambiri umenewu sichinafike. mfundo ndi yakuti mu njira ya chitukuko cha chinenero angasinthe kufanizitsa, nthawi zina kangapo. Izi zinali pa nthawi inayake chifukwa chakuti mu gulu anapatsidwa pafupifupi theka la zana.

Komabe, nkhani imeneyi palokha ndi ndimasewera kwambiri, ndi zilankhulo zamakono amapereka ziphunzitso zingapo ofanana:

• Convergent kusanduka. Amaganiza kuti aliyense chinenero akufotokozera malamulo ake, kupeza chokopeka ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana imene akhoza zimachitika osiyanasiyana. Mu kufanizira izi ndi mwangozi ndi adverbs zina zambiri mwangozi.
• Mwauzimu kusanduka. Akukhulupirira kuti manenedwe agglutinative kenako akutembenukira kwa Kukweza mawu a. Ndiye izo kenako, izo adziwonetsa mtundu zokutira zitsulo. Pambuyo kuti chinenero kachiwiri mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena amabwerera agglutination.