Kodi kuchotsa mafuta? Kodi mafuta yotengedwa? Mtengo wa mafuta

Mafuta ndi wochuluka kuyaka madzi kukhala mtundu kuyambira bulauni kuwala (pafupifupi mandala) kuti woderapo (pafupifupi wakuda). Malinga ndi osalimba ogaŵikana wofatsa, lochepa kwambiri.

Pakali pano, tiyerekeze dziko ano popanda mafuta zotheka. Ndi ndiwo mafuta zoyendera zosiyanasiyana, zipangizo kupanga katundu osiyanasiyana ogula mankhwala ndi zinthu zina. Ndipo mmene mafuta yotengedwa?

kamangidwe

Mafuta ndi gasi atasunga miyala porous otchedwa malo. Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyana. A wokhometsa wabwino imatengedwa woimira sandstone wosanjikiza, limene lili pakati pa zigawo wa dongo ndipo shale. Izi amapewa kutayikira mafuta ndi mpweya ku malo subterranean.

Kamodzi mchere ndi angapezeke ndi ziyenera a m'matangadza awo mu mapangidwe, khalidwe ndipo anayamba njira bwinobwino kuchotsa ndi zoyendera mbewu processing. Ngati pafupifupi yopanga mafuta ndi gasi kupanga m'munda umenewu ndi yosafuna zambiri, unsembe akuyamba zida kupanga.

Features mafuta

Mu malo achilengedwe kumene mafuta yotengedwa, ndi uliri yaiwisi. Childs, madzi kuyaka wothira mafuta ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri ali pansi kuthamanga, muulamuliro umene mafuta pokhala zitsime Popeza alibe mphamvu zomuthandiza. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti mavuto. Nthawi zina kuthamanga ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti amafuna kuika mpope wapadera.

The ndondomeko ya mafuta kupanga akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo atatu:

• Movement wa madzimadzi mwa mapangidwe kwa wellbore lapansi. Iwo ikuchitika ndi kusiyana achilengedwe kapena chongopeka analenga kuthamanga.
• Movement wa madzimadzi kudzera bwino - pansi ku kamwa.
• Kusonkhanitsa mafuta kuchokera mpweya ndi madzi pamwamba olekanitsa, chiyeretso. Ndiyeno madzimadzi chimadzera kuti mbewu processing.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana za mafuta, amene zimadalira mtundu wa madipoziti mchere (dziko, nyanja pansi) mtundu wokhometsa deepness. Komanso, njira zingasiyane monga zachilengedwe mosungiramo Ndikudzikhuthula. Tikumbukenso kuti mafuta m'madzi - ndondomeko zovuta, chifukwa amafuna chipangizo subsea makhazikitsidwe.

nyama zachilengedwe

Kodi kuchotsa mafuta? Chifukwa chaichi, mphamvu kuthamanga kwaiye masoka kapena yokumba. Opaleshoni ya bwino pa mosungiramo mphamvu amatchedwa kasupe. Pankhaniyi, pansi pa mavuto madzi mobisa, gasi, mafuta limatuluka pamwamba, popanda kufunika kulera zipangizo zina. Komabe, njira kasupe kokha ntchito kwa m'zigawo mchere chachikulu, pamene zoipazi n'chachikulu, ndipo ndi oyenera kukweza ndi oposa madzi. M'tsogolo, panafunika zipangizo zina kwathunthu anadzikhuthula mafuta.

Kasupe ndi njira kwambiri ndalama. Kusintha otaya mafuta anapereka mavavu wapadera, wellhead zisindikizo amene akulamulira kuchuluka ankalengeza mankhwala.

njira yachiwiri ndi ukachenjede ntchito pambuyo m'zigawo chachikulu, muzigwiritsa ntchito m'munda mosabvuta.

njira yaikulu, zasekondale ndi ukachenjede

Mu masoka njira ya mafuta kupanga ntchito njira stepwise:

• Chachikulu. Phula umaperekedwa pansi kuthamanga mu mgodi, amene anapanga kuchokera pansi, kuwonjezeka mafuta ndi zina zotero. Ndi njira ya mafuta kuchira Chinthu (m'bale Cin) pafupifupi 5-15%.
• Secondary. Njira ntchito pamene kuthamanga zachilengedwe salinso okwanira kukweza mafuta mu chitsime. Pankhaniyi njira yachiwiri yomwe ndi mphamvu okwanira kuchokera kunja. Zimenezi zimapereka madzi jekeseni, gasi kapena m'kupita. Malinga ndi mosungiramo thanthwe ndi makhalidwe mafuta a sekondale njira mafuta kuchira ukufika 30%, ndi mtengo okwana - 35-45%.
• Ukachenjede. Njira imeneyi ndi kuonjezera sayenda mafuta kuonjezera linanena bungwe ake. Njira imodzi - TEOR ili, limene chifukwa kutenthetsa madzimadzi mu mgodi amachepetsa kukhuthala. Kuchita izi, nthunzi zambiri ntchito. Pasanathe ambiri ntchito kuyaka tsankho mafuta mu malo, mwachindunji mu mapangidwe a. Komabe, njira imeneyi si kwambiri. Kusintha mavuto padziko surfactant wapadera (kapena surfactants) angalowe pakati mafuta ndi madzi. Ukachenjede mafuta kuchira njira zimathandiza kuwonjezera ndi pafupifupi lina% 5-15. Njira ntchito kokha kukachitika kuti mafuta akupitiriza kopindulitsa. Choncho, ntchito njira ukachenjede zimadalira mtengo wa mafuta ndi mtengo wa kuchotsa ake.

Mawotchi njira: Nyamulani gasi

Ngati mphamvu kukweza mafuta umaperekedwa kuchokera kunja, ndiye njira iyi akutchedwa makina migodi. Iwo agawidwa mitundu iwiri: za kompresa ndi mpope. Njira iliyonse imakhala ndi mbali yake.

kompresa amatchedwanso Nyamulani mpweya. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo jekeseni mpweya mu wellbore, kumene ndi wothira mafuta. Chifukwa, osalimba a osakaniza amachepetsa. Bottomhole kuthamanga komanso amachepetsa, amakhala m'munsi posungira. Zonsezi kumabweretsa nthenda ya mafuta pamwamba. Nthawi zina gasi pressurized umaperekedwa kwa zigawo oyandikana nawo. Zimenezi zimatchedwa "kuthamanga zachilengedwe gasi m'mwamba."

M'minda akale umagwiritsidwa ndi mpweya Nyamulani dongosolo limene mpweya ntchito. Komabe, njira imeneyi kumafuna mafuta kuyaka, ndi ngalande ali ndi kukana otsika kuwonongeka dzimbiri.

Nyamulani mpweya kwa mafuta ntchito Western Siberia, Western Kazakhstan ndi Turkmenistan.

Mawotchi njira: ntchito mapampu

Pamene ikukoka ndondomeko pa akuya zina zasiyidwa mapampu. zida agawidwa osiyanasiyana. The ndodo Ambiri ntchito mapampu.

Taganizirani mmene mafuta yotengedwa ndi njira imeneyi. Mfundo ntchito chipangizo izi motere. The pansi dzenje chitoliro mwa amene anakonzera suction valavu ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Mu otsiriza akonzedwa plunger ndi valavu kuthamanga. mafuta gulu ikuchitika chifukwa reciprocating kayendedwe ka plunger lapansi. Ndi alternately kutsegula-kutseka suction ndi kumaliseche mavavu.

Magwiridwe ndodo mapampu pafupifupi 500 kiyubiki mamita. m / tsiku pachitsime akuya 200-400 mamita ndi akuya 3200 mamita - 20 Cu. m / tsiku.

ndipo madipoziti rodless angagwiritsidwe ntchito yopanga mafuta. Pankhaniyi, mwa wellbore kwa zipangizo umaperekedwa mphamvu zamagetsi. Izi zachitika ntchito chingwe wapadera. Lusoli kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtundu wina wa mphamvu mtsinje (coolant, wothinikizidwa mpweya).

Mu Russia, nthawi zambiri ntchito mawonekedwe a centrifugal mpope magetsi. Ndi ambiri mafuta yotengedwa ntchito zida zimenezi. Pamene ntchito mapampu magetsi padziko ayenera kukhazikitsidwa siteshoni kasamalidwe ndi thiransifoma.

Kupanga mu dziko

Unali monga kupanga mafuta kuchokera malo achilengedwe. Ziyenera kukhala bwino mayendedwe chitukuko. Poyamba, mpaka m'ma 70 ntchentche. Kusindikiza mafuta kawiri pafupifupi khumi. mayendedwe chitukuko ndiye kukhala layamba. Voliyumu ya mafuta kuti wakhala amawapopa kuchokera ku chiyambi cha ulimi (kuchokera 1850s ndi.) Kuti 1973 totaled matani biliyoni 41, pafupifupi theka la omwe anawafikira pa 1965-1973 a.

waukulu opanga mafuta dziko masiku ano ndi mayiko monga Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, ndi United States, China, Mexico, Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan. Ndi limati izi ndi msika waukulu "golide wakuda". Tikumbukenso kuti mafuta kupanga mu United States si pa udindo pamwamba, koma dziko anagula madipoziti lalikulu limati zina.

Large mafuta ndi gasi m'madamu, imene mafuta ndi gasi ali Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, South Caspian, Western Siberia, Algeria dzuwa ndi zina.

mafuta

Mafuta ndi gwero sanali zongowonjezwdwa. Kusamutsidwa kwa kudziwika miyala ya mbiya biliyoni 1200 ndi sanaidziŵe - biliyoni 52-260 mbiya. Total zitsime zamafuta, kutenga nkhani mowa ake a masiku ano, zokwanira pafupifupi zaka 100. Ngakhale, mu zolinga za Russia kuwonjezeka "golide wakuda" kupanga.

M'mayiko mafuta opangidwa mu buku wamkulu zotsatirazi:

• Venezuela.
• Saudi Arabia.
• Iran.
• Iraq.
• Kuwait.
• UAE.
• Russia.
• Libya.
• Kazakhstan.
• Nigeria.
• Canada.
• US.
• Qatar.
• China.
• Brazil.

Mafuta mu Russia

Russia ndi imodzi mwa kutsogolera mayiko kupanga mafuta. Iwo sikuti ankagwiritsa ntchito mu dziko, mbali yaikulu ndi zimagulitsidwa ku mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kodi mu mafuta Russian atamupopa? The madipoziti waukulu zimapezeka lero mu Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District ndi Tatarstan. zigawo izi ndi zoposa 60% buku onse a madzimadzi umatulutsa. Komanso, dera Irkutsk ndi Republic of Yakutia - malo mafuta yotengedwa mu Russia, kusonyeza zotsatira zabwino kuwonjezeka mu mabuku. Kumakhudzana ndi chitukuko cha malo atsopano katundu Siberia - Pacific Ocean.

mitengo mafuta

Mtengo wa mafuta aumbike kwa chiŵerengero cha okwanira ndi akumufuna. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi lili peculiarities ake. Kuuza amakhalabe pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa ndi kwenikweni pa mphamvu ya mitengo. N'zoona ikukula chaka chilichonse. Koma chinthu chachikulu mu mitengo ndi kupeleka. A kuchepa yaing'ono zotsatira zake ndi kukwera mu mtengo.

Ndi za kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndiponso zipangizo zofanana kwa mafuta kufunika ukuwonjezeka. Koma munda pang'ono ndi pang'ono atayanika mmwamba. Zonsezi, malinga ndi akatswiri, adzakhala zimatsogolera mavuto a mafuta, pamene kufunika kwambiri kuposa okwanira. Ndiyeno mitengo kwambiri kuuluka.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mtengo wa mafuta ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri mfundo mu chuma padziko lonse. Lero ndi kuzungulira 107 madola pa mbiya.