Roketi "yars": specifications luso ndi zithunzi. Intercontinental ballistic chida

Ndipo tiyeni tiwerenge RS-24 "Yars" - roketi yanga ya Russian intercontinental ballistic missile ndi kupezeka kwa mafoni, yokhala ndi gawo lotsogolera logawa?

Linapangidwa ndi Thermotechnical Moscow Institute motsogoleredwa ndi Yu S. S. Solomonov (Academician wa Russian Academy of Sciences). Kawirikawiri, Yars rocket ndiwongosoledwe ka Topol-M rocket. Malongosoledwe a zamakono ndi zamakono za chojambulachi sichinaululidwe. M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kuti idzalowe m'malo mwa RS-20 ndi RS-18 ICBM ndipo, pamodzi ndi Topol-M, amapanga maziko a Strategic Missile Brigade.

Mbiri

Ndipo kodi mukudziwa kuti Yars ya missile yamakono ali ndi mbiri yosangalatsa kwambiri? Tiyeni tiwerenge tsopano.

Mu 2007, pa May 29, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zida izi kunapangidwa pa malo a Plesetsk. Zolinga zinagonjetsedwa bwino pazitsulo za Kura.

Ndipo pa December 25, mayesero achiwiri a RS-24 anachitika pamtundu womwewo.

Kuyesedwa kwachitatu kwa msilikali ndi njira yomweyi yomwe idakonzedwa mu 2008 pa November 26.

Pafupi ndi nthawi yomwe mayesero ovomerezeka a RS-24 "Yars" a rocket intercontinental Mauthenga osiyana kwambiri adanenedwa: ngati nyuzipepala inalemba za kukwaniritsidwa kwawo mu 2010, yemwe akutsogolera wopanga malowa adanena kuti mayeserowa adatha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2009. Mwinamwake, izi zimakhala chifukwa cha zosagwirizana za mapeto a pulojekiti yoyezetsa boma komanso nthawi yothetseratu zochitika zomwe zikupezeka poyesera.

Kutumizidwa

Mtsuko wa Yars unaperekedwa ndi Amagulu a Strategic Missile ku malonda a chitetezo cha ku Russia mu 2009. Anali gulu lankhondo loyamba la maofesi apansi, omwe ali ndi mbali zolekanitsa mutu. Cholinga chokonzekera chiwerengero choyamba cha RS-24 chinatsimikiziridwa mwakhama mu July 2010 ndi VA Popovkin, Pulezidenti Wachitetezi.

Bungwe lachiwiri lokhala ndi rocket launcher mu December 2010 linayamba kuyesa ndi kumenyana nawo ntchito m'dera la Ivanovo (magulu a misana ya Teikovo). Choncho, missile ya intercontinental Yolisi inali kutumikira ndi gulu loyamba, lomwe linalowa mu ulonda mu 2011, pa Marichi 4, monga gawo la mabomba awiri a RS-24 omwe akhala ali pantchito kuyambira 2010.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti gulu lankhondo loyamba la asilikali, lomwe lili ndi PGRK "Yars", m'gulu lankhondo la Teikov m'chilimwe cha 2011 linali lokonzedwa bwino (mabomba atatu, APU 9). Mu 2011, pa December 7, mu nkhondo yomweyo, gulu lachiwiri, lomwe linali ndi gulu la asilikali amodzi ndi maulendo apakompyuta (PKP), linayamba kugwira ntchito yowonongeka ndi kumenyana.

Gulu lachiŵiri la asilikali omwewo linayamba ntchito yake mu December 2011. Chotsatira chake, pofika mu 2012 chiwerengero cha RS-24 chinaikidwa kufika APU 15 ndi misala. Pofika mchaka cha 2012, bungweli linali ndi zida za "Yars". Chiwerengero cha APU RS-24 "Yars" chinali tsopano 18 (magawo sikisi ndi regiments awiri).

Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2012, msilikali wa Yars unawoneka mumapangidwe a misasa ya Kozelsky ndi Novosibirsk (dera la Kaluga, lomwe linali lopangidwa ndi migodi). Mu 2013 zida za misolisi za gawo la Tagil zidakonzedweratu. Gawo la misasa ya Irkutsk linalandiranso zida zatsopano.

Msewu wa intercontinental Yars unayambitsidwa usiku kuchokera ku Plesetsk siteji yomaliza mu 2013 kuyambira 24 mpaka 25 December. Kuyesedwa kunali bwino kwambiri. Mphepete mwa zipolopolozo zinagonjetsedwa ku Kamchatka.

Mwa njira, mu chiwerengero cha zidutswa 33, msilikali wa Yars, ndi zida zinayi, aliyense anali kugwira ntchito ndi Strategic Missile Forces kumayambiriro kwa 2014.

Kenaka, mu 2014, pa April 14, pa 10:40 nthawi ya Moscow, kuchokera paulendo wopita ku malo a Plesetsk, Yars rocket inayambika, yokhala ndi gawo logawanika mutu. Ntchitoyi inachitikira kuyesa zida zopangidwa ku Votkinsk. Ndiye magwero a boma adanena kuti ntchito za mwambowu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira.

Ndipo pa December 26, pa 11:02 nthawi ya Moscow, malo amodzi omwe anakhazikitsidwa ndi apolisi ochokera ku Plesetsk adachokera pansi. Gulu lophunzitsira linatha kugunda zolinga pa malo a Kamchatka "Kura".

Makhalidwe a "Yars"

Ndipo komabe, kodi "Yars" (missile) ndi chiyani? Zizindikiro zake ndi zokondweretsa kwambiri. Pulojekitiyi ndi mafuta olimba kwambiri. Linapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka zana mu mgwirizano wa makampani a Russia.

Mzere wa RS-24 wa Yars sufanana ndi kholo lawo lokhalo, Matsile a Topol-M RS-12M1 / RS-12M2, omwe ndi mawonekedwe ozama a Topol PC-12M: ali ndi dongosolo lamakono lamakono komanso mutu.

Missile ya ballistic "Yars" ili ndi gawo lotsogolera (GV) ndi chigawo chotsogolera (MIRVs). A Topol-M ali ndi ma GP monoblock (kuyendetsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito GS akuyesedwa). Mwinamwake, pofika chaka cha 2020, RS-12M-RS-24 idzasandulika kukhala ICBM yosavuta kwambiri m'matembenuzidwe osungirako. Njira imeneyi ndi yolondola chifukwa chachuma.

Zaka makumi khumi zapitazo zapitazo

M'zaka zapitazo mu 80-90s, Strategic Missile Forces anali ndi zida zisanu za ICBM zolemera. Izi zimaphatikizapo miyala yamakona komanso mafuta.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi chizindikiro chomwecho cha mtundu wa ICBM wolemera kwambiri. Koma malinga ndi zigawo zina, kupambana kwa wotsirizira kumaposa "Yars".

Mwachitsanzo, madzi RS-18B ICB poyerekeza ndi RS-24 ali ndi MIRV yodabwitsa kwambiri. Zida zake zotsutsana zikupita tsopano. Chinthu chosiyana ndi kupulumuka kwa ICBM, pamene njira ya pansi ndi yochepa kuposa ya njanji.

Pokumbukira mfundo zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, komanso kufunika kokhala ndi mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo komanso ogwira ntchito (malinga ndi zida zankhanza), kuyambira mu 2009, ntchito ikupangidwira kukhazikitsa katundu wamtundu wa ICBM m'malo mwa RS-20B (Voevoda). Mwachidziwikire, nkhani ya nkhokwe yobwezeretsedwa ndi kusankha kwa RS-22B ICBM imakhala yotseguka ku Russia.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti mgwirizano wa ndale - "mtundu" wa zida zankhondo, womwe umayambika ndi njira zoteteza chitetezo cha nyukiliya - misempha yoteteza (ABM) ikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za ntchito za ICBM. Ku USA, chaka cha 2002, mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kutetezedwa kwa makoma a chitetezo kuyambira 1972 unaletsedwa. Dziko lino limapanga njira yatsopano yotetezera makina, kuphatikizapo zigawo zake ku Ulaya. Njirayi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira mu 1991. Kukonzekera kwa dziko la America kuteteza zida zankhondo kumapangidwe kalamulo, mu 1999 kuyesa koyamba kwa zinthu zake kunapangidwa.

Yars

Timapitiriza kufotokoza bwino zomwe "Yars" (missile) ali. Makhalidwe ake amayenera kuyang'anitsitsa. Kulandira pulojekitiyi pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha kuonjezereka kwa mgwirizano wa START-1, womwe unapangitsa kuti ma ICBM apangidwe ndi bungwe la monoblock lokha, linatha mu 2009.

Ndipo dziko la Russia linayankha bwanji kuti mayiko a US missile ateteze? Dothi la Yars linali ndi liwiro lothawira ndege. Kuphatikizanso apo, adakopeka ndi kukhazikika kwabwino pamene adadutsa dongosolo la chitetezo cha makoma a US. Ndipo sizinakhudzidwe ndi zovulaza za zida za nyukiliya (PFNS).

Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti misasa ya Yars-M ili ndi makhalidwe apadera. Choncho, malo okhudzidwa ndi tsatanetsatane wa chida ichi afupikitsidwa. Kujambula mofulumira kwapadera kumapereka mphamvu yowonjezera yosakaniza ya injini zotetezeka za rocket propellant (RDTT). Chombocho pachiyambi chingathe kupanga pulogalamu. Ndikofunika kuti alowe mkati mwa mtambo wa nyukiliya yomwe ikuukira.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti "Yars", mosiyana ndi RS-12M yapitayi, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsogolere yomwe imakhudza mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, chitetezo cha mabokosi atsopano (PCB) chochepetsera chitetezo chimachepetsanso mwayi wothandizidwa ndi dipatimenti yotsogolera.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti malingaliro a PCB sangathe kusiyanitsa ndi magulu ankhondo m'dera la magetsi. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, n'zotheka kupanga mbali zonse zapadera m'dera linalake lopitirira-mlengalenga, lachilendo komanso lochititsa chidwi la gawo lakutsika kwa tsamba lakutsika kwa gawo lotsogolera.

Apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, zolinga zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka ndi omwe anganyalanyaze radar amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimatanthauzanso PCB, kusokoneza magawo a chigawo chamutu, chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chipolopolo chojambulidwa ndi wailesi, magetsi oyambitsa mauthenga a radio, aerosols, omwe ndi magwero a ma radiation, ndi zina zotero.

Kusanthula kwa ntchito

Mwina, owerenga ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mzere wa "Yars-M" umakhala wabwino kwambiri? Tiyeni tipitirize kuphunzira mozama za kapangidwe kameneka! Zimadziwika kuti kuyika kwa chida ichi, poyerekeza ndi RS-12M, sikunasinthe. Makina ake oyendetsa makomboti ali ndi chikwama chokwanira cha mtundu wa "cocoon", wopangidwa ndi zipangizo zamagulu.

Liwiro la rocket "Yars" ndi lochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi kholo lake "Poplar" pamtanda, siteji yoyamba siyiyi yokonzedwa ndi zida zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka. Ndege imayang'aniridwa pa tsamba lothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotsekemera, womwe umamangidwa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso la injini liziyenda (pazigawo zonse).

Mipikisano ya Russian Yars imakhala ndi miyala yotsekemera yopangidwa ndi carbon-carbon raw materials. Zida zotsekemera za chida ichi zimapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi makina atatu a carbon diabetes.

Chombocho chimakhala ndi dongosolo loletsa mphamvu. Zovuta zowonjezera zowonjezera zida zapamwamba zowonongeka (SHG) zili ndi magawo abwino. Bungwe la BZVK lopangidwa mofulumira kwambiri (BZVK) lakhala likulimbitsa ntchito komanso kulimbana ndi zotsatira za PFNS.

Mwa njira, makompyuta a RS-24 "Yars" intercontinental amayang'aniridwa ndi kudziwika kwadzidzidzi kwa azimuth ya control pa GPS. Ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipangizo zolamulira, zomwe zili pazitsulo zoyendetsera katundu (TPK).

The Yars-M rocket ili ndi mphamvu, poyerekeza ndi ziwonetsero, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mafasho. Zakale, chipinda chotsogolera ndicho choyamba muzolowera ku Russia popanga zida zomwe zimayikidwa pa ICBM popanda kuyesa magawo ndi zochitika panthawi ya zida za nyukiliya.

Poyerekezera ndi RS-12M, magwiritsidwe ntchito a RS-24, RS-12M1 (2) miyeso ya njira zogwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi ndi zowonongeka zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito TPK. Kuyamba pazigawo ziwirizi ndidothi: Pakapita nthawi, jenereta (PAD) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, pokhudzana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito magalimoto oyimilira ndi mafoni, komanso kuphulika kwa malamulo osiyanasiyana otetezedwa ku FFIA, kugwirizanitsa kwa misala yonse ndi TPK sikunakwaniritsidwe. Zinali zofunikira kukhazikitsa njira zowonongeka zofunikira pakukankhira katundu kunja kwa TPK ndi chidebecho. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha mzere wa rocket pachiyambi, pulojekiti idagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuteteza kanyumba koyamba-kowonjezera kowonjezera pamagetsi a PAD. Ndipo kwa mafoni version chikwama sanali zofunika, popeza mavuto anali otsika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zozizwitsa za mgodi ndi zolepheretsa zosiyana siyana za zomangamanga, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za TPC zinagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zigawo zofunikira kwambiri zili mu tebulo ili m'munsimu.

	РС-12М1 (2)	РС-24
Chiwerengero cha masitepe	3	3
Kuchuluka kwapaulendo wautali, km	10,500
Chiwerengero choyambira kulemera, t	47.1
Mphamvu yowonjezera ya yogwira ntchito, Mt	0.55	0.15, 0.3
Kulemera kwa gawo loyendetsa galimoto, t	1.2	1.2-1.3
Miyeso, m
Kutalika	22.7
Diameter ya chipolopolo cha msinkhu woyamba, m	1.86	1.86
Diameter ya chipolopolo cha msinkhu wachiwiri, m	1.61
Diameter ya chipolopolo cha msinkhu wachitatu, m	1.58	1.58
CCE, m	200-350

Yars rocket ili ndi nthawi yoyamba yosungirako yosungirako yomwe inali zaka khumi ndi zisanu.

Kuyesedwa

Kodi mwalingalira zomwe "Yars" rocket ili? Chiyesocho chinachitika mu 2014 pa December 26 pa Plesetsk cosmodrome pa 11:00 nthawi ya Moscow. Kuwomboledwa kwapadera kunayankhidwa ndi Colonel Egorov Igor, woyang'anira udindo wa Press Service of Ministry of Defense ku Russia.

Iye adati makina a Yars-24 akwanitsa kukwaniritsa ntchito zonsezi: "Mapulogalamu othandizira maphunziro adagwira zolinga pa malo a Kamka" Kura "ndi kulondola kolondola."

Egorov adanena kuti mayeserowa adatsimikiziridwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu zamakono zomwe zinapangidwa mu 2013-2014, komanso ntchito ndi kulimbana ndi zovutazo.

ICBM

ICBM ndi chiyani? Iyi ndi rocket intercontinental rocket ya "earth-earth" kalasi, yomwe ingagonjetse 5500 km. Malipiro a mtundu umenewu, monga lamulo, ali ndi zida za nyukiliya. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuononga zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zili zofunika kumayiko akutali.

Kutchuka

Yoyamba pamsewu wa ballistic R-7 inayesedwa bwino mu Soviet Union pa August 21, 1957. Anakhazikitsidwa mu 1960. American ICBM SM-65 Atlas yapambana mayeso mu 1958. Iye anawonekera mu gulu la asilikali mu 1959 (chaka chapitapo kuposa R-70). Masiku ano, ICBM ili ndi asilikali a Russia, Britain, US, China ndi France.

Israeli mu funso ngati ali ndi mtundu woterewu akutsatira ndondomeko yofanana ndi yokhudza kukhala ndi zida zankhondo za nyukiliya - sichikana ndipo sichikutsimikizira kukhalapo kwake. Ndipotu, dziko lino limapindula kawiri ndi izi: sizigwirizana nawo mgwirizano wa mayiko pa kuyang'anira kugawidwa kwa matekinoloje, koma amayesetsa kuti mayiko oyandikana nawo asakayikire za zenizeni zomwe angathe.

Akulitsa ma ICBM awo a North Korea, India ndi Pakistan.

South Africa, kufuna kuti amenyane ndi bloc Soviet ndi mayiko Western mu 1980s ndi adalenga IDB RSA-3 (amapereka mwa Israel), koma pambuyo kugwa kwa ulamuliro atsankho anali asanagwire pa bolodi.

Events wa World Chachiwiri

N'zochititsa chidwi choyamba kuyamba ntchito pa chilengedwe cha ICBM Nazi Germany. Wernher von Braun m'chilimwe cha 1942 anatsogolera Launch polojekiti "America" chifukwa chimene chida ayenera A9 / A10 anayenera kulengedwa. Akatswiri apanga mlandu awiri gawo nkhuni madzi masekeli zana matani, akhoza kupanga ndege kwa mtunda wa makilomita 5,000.

Amadziwika kuti gulu watsopano wa A9 / A10 yokhala amatanthauza mlandu mtunda pafupifupi. Koma anayamba kupanga ndi warhead intercontinental angathe pomenya US East Coast. Mwaukadaulo ndi A9 / A10 Komabe, sanali ballistic mzinga, monga zida ndi siteji pamwamba sitima, de facto kuoneka mapiko supersonic chida.

Malangizo mlandu pachiyambi ndi fyuluta pakati zinachitika kudzera ankayatsa. Anawatumiza pasadakhale chandamale ndi woyendetsa adamulowetsa pa nthawi yoyenera, mu chomaliza. Munthu kuchita ndi ntchito ofunika, atatsala pang'ono cholinga kusiya kanyumba kamitengo pa parachuti ndi pansi padziko ya Atlantic Ocean pambuyo danga anapanga suborbital ndege.

Magwero ena amanena kuti mayesero mu chimango cha kulengedwa kwa A9 / A10 inachitika pa 8 ndi 24 January 1945, koma mu nkhondo si koyenera kugwiritsira ntchito.

magwero ena amanena kuti dongosolo la ntchito konse patsogolo zina zachidule zina (more n'zotheka). Mwa njira, Germany saganizira za intricacy la ndege motsetsereka pa liwiro supersonic, mwina chifukwa A9 / A10 dongosolo akhoza konse ntchito.

Akadzagonjetsedwa Germany, America ndi Soviet Union ndi malire ake anatengedwa kuti kuchuluka chake chosaneneka a zolembedwa, akatswiri zinthu m'munsi kufufuza roketi.

injini

Tsopano tengani kamphindi kwa injini. Baibulo loyamba la MBR opaleshoni roketi injini madzi: musanayambe iwo ankayenera kuti imafunika kuthiridwa mafuta chopopera yaitali kwambiri nthawi. Kukonzekera kukhazikitsa ndege anatenga maola angapo, koma kukonza kunachitika nkhani ya mphindi. Kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu cryogenic (R-7) kukhazikitsa zipangizo zovuta ndi wolemera kwambiri.

mokoma zonsezi kwambiri okha mtengo njira ya chida ichi. ICBM masiku ano ntchito injini ntchito kapena mafuta olimba kapena madzi mkulu-otentha feedstock ndi kuvala ampulizirovannoy.

Chotero katundu zida fakitale mu mayendedwe ndi Launch chidebe ndipo kwa makasitomala. Choncho, roketi yosungirako, pa moyo wa wokonzeka kuyamba. Phula milandu kwa Launch zovuta laperekedwa kwa boma nezapravlennom. Iwo jekeseni mafuta pambuyo unsembe TPK ndi woyang'anira mu PU. chida lotsatira tingakhale mu mkhalidwe nkhondowo-wokonzeka kwa zaka zambiri. Kukonzekera ndege amatenga pasanathe mphindi zochepa ndipo anachita chosonyeza ndi chingwe ndi wailesi ngalande kuchokera kutali pakati lamulo. Iwo anagwiritsanso, ndi kuyezetsa zonse Pu Ine machitidwe roketi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti IDB panopa, monga ulamuliro, alibe njira kukakamiza mdani chida. Iwo akhoza zigwirizana yekha wa zokwana akuyendetsa, zikutanthauza naonekera Rada jammers, decoys, ndi zina zotero.