Kodi ndale? Concept ndi mitundu ya demokalase ndi autocracy

Monga ulamuliro, boma akuyendera njira iliyonse ndi njira, ndi kuphatikiza njira awa akutchedwa boma boma. Koma mawu amenewa si lofanana ndi zoti "ndale" - mfundo ndi mitundu ya yamasika onse ndi zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Pamafunikanso osati njira zimene boma amachita pa anthu, komanso mitundu ina ubale andale

Concept ndi zipani mitundu chifukwa chakuti kulikonse tichipeza magulu ndi zinthu zosiyana ndi zolinga samenya nawo mwachindunji ku boma koma bwanji mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Si maphwando yekha ndale koma dongosolo bizinesi, asilikali, atolankhani, NGOs, olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu wamba amene kukhazikitsa maganizo. Iwo ali onse amakhala osiyana, akuika kuthamanga pa ulamuliro kuchilamulira pa zosankha zake.

Pali zokomela sanali demokalase zipani, ndipo malingana ndi ulamuliro ndi ubale kwa mfundo yolekanitsa \ pakhale ulamuliro. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "demokalase" pawokha, amatanthauza "demokalase" mayiko kapena madera kumene anthu kuchotsedwa osati ndi mphamvu, komanso kukhazikitsa mu mchitidwe mwachindunji, palibe. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti demokalase kulibe - basi mtundu wa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro kumaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mfundo za demokalase mwachindunji. Mu voti boma mphamvu umachokera kwa anthu, zomwe zosiyanasiyana amatha kusankha kwa pagulu mfundo kupanga; maganizo ochepa atengedwa mu nkhani ndi amene ali ambiri; m'munda wa malamulo lamulo apambana; limaletsa yekha zimene angachite chitsekedwe - chinthu chirichonse mothandizidwa ndi kusakhulupirika; mfundo ya kulekana kwenikweni malamulo, mabwana akuluakulu milandu ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo komanso mabungwe njira mphamvu agwiritsidwa ntchito ankalamulira anthu wamba; mmadera pali mabungwe, maphwando ndi kayendedwe, ndi ufulu anthu akuyendera malinga ndi mfundo apamwamba. Democratic ndale, mfundo ndi mitundu imene zingasiyane malinga ndi zigawo zosiyana ndi maiko, pali pafupifupi m'mayiko 40, ndipo watsimikizira nchito zake yaitali ubwenzi zovuta pakati pa anthu, munthu ndi boma.

Zotsutsana za ulamuliro demokalase ali mbiri wakhala autocracy, ndiko kulamulira yekha. Masiku ano autocracy pang'onopang'ono m'malo authoritarian ndi opondereza ndale. Concept ndi mitundu ya modes awa amasiyana mlingo wa alowererepo boma ndipo akuluakulu zolimbana, osati pagulu, koma chikhalidwe, munthu, ndi zina zimangokhala za moyo. Authoritarian boma ngati gulu la anthu ulamuliro (kawirikawiri - asilikali elites ena) ndi mtima wofunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira chogonedwa monyengeleredwa ndi njira lamulo la kasamalidwe chuma; mphamvu zonse anaikira mu manja a mtundu makamaka amene amagwa pa maziko a kudzipereka kapena gulu, ndi mabungwe onse a boma, monga yamalamulo, ndi okha chikhalidwe chofunda. ufulu wachibadwidwe zambiri unalipo pa pepala ndipo alipo mu malankhulidwe andale, komabe si kuti akuyendera. Komabe, kupondereza mu mode izi okha makamaka ndi chitsutso ndale ndi dera andale onse, chifukwa boma kuyesa kulamulira zokhazo zomwe tingathe kusokoneza chitetezo chake. Zitsanzo za ulamuliro angathe kutumikira monga ulamuliro Pinochet ku Chile ndi ulamuliro Chisilamu la Khomeini ku Iran.

mbali zake ndi opondereza ndale boma. Concept ndi mitundu ya Ulamuliro kuzindikiridwa odziwika bwino asayansi ambiri andale ndi nzeru ena, monga Karlom Popperom ndi Hanoi Arendt. Ndi zizindikilo zonse za boma authoritarian, Ulamuliro losiyana makamaka chizolowezi kuwononga zipani zina za ndale ndi kayendedwe, merging chipani cholamulira pamodzi ndi boma (partocracy), mutu umene pali wina ndi gulu lomweli la anthu. Choncho pali mwambo wa mtsogoleri, nthawi zambiri wopatsidwa makhalidwe zauzimu. Pali mfundo opondereza kupusitsa munthu mu dongosolo wagawo, ndipo kumayambitsa yogwirizanitsa ndi ndyale okwana a mitundu yonse moyo pagulu. Ndipotu m'dziko lopondereza aliyense amene shies kuchokera ndale, ayenera kuwonongedwa. mtundu uwu "anasiya" ndi "ufulu" zipani analipo mu USSR, China ndi "mayiko zokomera" Nazi Germany, lopondereza Italy ndi Spain, Cambodia "Khmer Rouge" ndi mayiko ena.