Vilfredo Pareto: yonena, mfundo zikuluzikulu, ntchito zazikulu. Chiphunzitso cha Vilfredo Pareto osankhika

Vilfredo Pareto (zaka za moyo - 1848-1923) - ndi Katswiri wotchuka wa zachuma. Iye ni mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha elites, malinga ndi zomwe dziko lili ndi mawonekedwe pyramidal. Pamwamba pa piramidi ndi osankhika, amene kwakukulukulu ndiyo moyo wa anthu onse. Koma osati monga mlengi wa chiphunzitso kudziwika Vilfredo Pareto. yonena wake aitane inu moyo ndi zofunika zazikulu za katswiri.

Origin, ubwana

Wilfredo anabadwa mu banja wolemekezeka yemwe ankakhala ku Paris. bambo ake anali marquis Italy, ukapolo ku Italy zikhulupiriro Republican ndi owolowa manja. Pareto mayi wa French dziko. Wilfredo, mwana zinenero makolo awo anamva makamaka Italy, osati French. Mu 1850, banja analoledwa kubwerera ku Italy, ndipo ndi m'dziko limeneli zogwirizana ndi moyo wamtsogolo wa Vilfredo Pareto (ndili mwana akamakula, ndi gawo la nthawi okhwima).

mapangidwe

Pareto walandira onse luso ndi zothandiza anthu chakale sekondale. Kale pa maphunziro ake anachita chidwi ndi ndingaliro kwa masamu. Wilfredo ndiye anapitiriza maphunziro ake Turin, ndi University Polytechnic, kenako analandira digiri okonza. Pareto kumbuyo mu 1869 nkhani yolembedwa pa mfundo za mgwirizano wa zolimba. lingaliro la mgwirizano adzakhala mmodzi wa kiyi ntchito zake zachuma ndi sociological.

Moyo Florence

Florence inali nthawi yotsatira ya moyo wa Vilfredo Pareto. Anaitanidwa kuno udindo wa njanji injiniya. Patapita kanthawi Pareto anakhala manenjala wa zomera zitsulo ili mu Italy. Ndi nthawi iyi ntchito ake otsutsa boma Italy atsata mfundo asilikali. Pareto akufotokoza mwaufulu demokalase maganizo.

Zochitika mu moyo wake

Mu 1889, a Vilfredo anakwatira Russian wobadwa mtsikana Aleksandre Bakuninoy. Komabe, mkazi wake anamusiya ku 1901 ndipo anabwerera ku Russia. Chaka chotsatira, iye chikugwirizana moyo wake ndi Jeanne Régis, imene zoyenera ntchito yake yaikulu, wolembedwa mu 1912 ( "Treatise on General Sociology"). Inasindikizidwa mu Florence mu 1916.

Ankadziwa ntchito za chuma Italy, kusintha zikhulupiriro

Pareto mu 1891 anadziwa ntchito za ziwiri chuma otchuka Italy, L. Walras ndi M. Pantaleoni. Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano zachuma, mwakuchita iwo, anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa dziko Wilfredo ndipo kenako anaumba maziko a dongosolo lake sociological. Ndi 90s m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 19 wa wovulala Pareto zikhulupiriro. Wasayansi anayamba malo ndi antidemocratic conservatism. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1892 mpaka 1894 Pareto mabuku angapo zipangizo zawo pa chiphunzitso zachuma.

Kukhala Switzerland

Mu 1893, nyengo yatsopano mu moyo wa wasayansi Italy. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anasamukira ku Switzerland, kumene anakhala pulofesa wa chuma ndale, komanso mutu wa dipatimenti pa University m'dera la Lausanne. Pareto m'malo ndi L. Walras, ndithu udindo uwu odziwika zachuma. Wilfredo anapita pa ntchito yake komanso kuti pempho lake kubwera kwa Lausanne. Panthawi imeneyi, ambiri Pareto anaphunzira sayansi ndipo mabuku angapo amene ntchito zake. Mu Switzerland, panali "Njira ya Economy Political" wake (1896-1897), zinalembedwa French. Pamodzi ndi Pareto kuphunzitsa chuma ndale 1897 anayamba kuwerenga pa University of Lausanne ndi zochita Chaanthu. Patapita chaka chimodzi, analandira boma lingamutsatire tinatengera kwa amalume ake. Mu 1901 iye anagula Villa Pareto "Angora" ili Celina, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Geneva. Anali malo amalikonda enawo ndi ntchito. Mu Paris buku Pareto "zokomera dongosolo" linasindikizidwa mu 1902 (m'munsimu muli chithunzi).

Mu Milan mu 1907 anafalitsa "The Buku la Economy Political" Vilfredo Pareto. Major amachita izo analandira kwambiri kwa kudziwika, koma ntchito yake chofunika kwambiri chinali kudza.

"Treatise on General Sociology"

Wilfredo anali udzasokonezedwa 1907, kuphunzitsa zinthu chifukwa matenda a mtima. Patapita kanthawi, iye anamverera thanzi labwino, iye kugwira ntchito pa "Treatise on General Sociology". Ntchito imeneyi Wilfredo analemba zaka 5, kuyambira 1907 mpaka 1912. Mu 1916 unachitikira buku lake loyamba mu Italy, ndipo zaka 3 "Treatise" linasindikizidwa ku French. Vilfredo Pareto ku nthawi iyi mpaka mapeto a masiku ake kufufuza yekha m'munda wa Chaanthu. Pa University of Lausanne mu 1918 kuwayamikira chikumbutso ake 70.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Chitaliyana Katswiri mu 1920s oyambirira lofalitsidwa angapo chidwi ndi zofunika ntchito. Mu 1921, "demokalase kusinthika" linasindikizidwa ku Milan zimene zili mwachidule kupanga maganizo zonse zoyambirira za sayansi iyi. Katswiri mu angapo zolemba zake azimvetsa Fascism Italy, amene ananena thandizo maganizo. Inali pa nthawi iyi, mu 1922, Mussolini (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) anayamba kulamulira mu Italy. Boma latsopano ali Olemekezedwa Pareto, ambiri a anthu ake, kuphatikizapo azichepetsa yekha, adadzikweza ophunzira a Wilfredo. Pareto mu 1923 anakhala aphungu a ufumu Italy. Kenako anamwalira mu Celina ndipo anaikidwa m'manda pano.

Zifukwa Sociology

Monga tanena Pareto mochedwa kwambiri anatembenukira kwa Chaanthu, kale katswiri wodziwika m'munda wa chuma ndale. Ndi chimene chinali chiyani? Mwinamwake, kuti Wilfredo unatha kukwaniritsa mfundo za "munthu chuma" amene anali rationalist, ndi chimene wasayansi ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kuphunzira okhawo msika, komanso kufalitsidwa ndalama chikhalidwe ndi ena mavuto ena azachuma. Ngakhale unakhazikitsidwa 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20 ntchito chidwi chisonyezo cha wolemba chitsanzo watsopano wa munthu. Mu zonse, chidwi wakhala akuyendera mu "Treatise on General Sociology" - chochuluka (za 2000 masamba a m'lemba).

Chokana wa chitsanzo rationalist

Pareto si mwangozi anasiya mosavuta pa nthawi ya chitsanzo rationalist wa munthu, ngakhale anali kwa zaka zambiri mbali yake. Malinga ndi chitsanzo ichi, munthu woyamba kuganizira kanthu, molingana ndi zolinga moyang'ana iwo kenako achita zinthu zomwe zingachititse kuti Kupambana kwawo. Malinga Pareto lingaliro, chirichonse chiri kwenikweni zosiyana. Choyamba, munthu amachita mchikakamizo cha zofuna ndi maganizo a zinthu zina, kenako okha anafotokoza iwo, kufuna n'loonadi ndipo ponena kutanthauzira. Mu izi, mosamalitsa akamalankhula anayambitsa imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu Wilfredo - chiphunzitso cha zochita si zomveka.

Komabe, wasayansi sikuti kudali pa kumasulira zopanda nzeru zochita anthu. M'malo mwake, iye amayesetsa kulimbikitsa rationalism, lisanduke "ultraratsionalizm" pamene nkhani zikuphatikizapo mfundo komanso chidwi ndi kuyesera kuvumbula Musanyengedwe kuti anthu ntchito kunyenga okha ndi ena, kuyesera kubisa zolinga zenizeni za makhalidwe awo komanso zochita.

Tiyeni tsopano tione chiphunzitso chimene ambiri kudziwa dzina la wasayansi monga Vilfredo Pareto.

Chiphunzitso cha elites

Pareto ndi mlengi ndi chiphunzitso cha elites. Iye analankhula za kusintha zawo zonse. History of Italy wofufuza wotchedwa manda osankhika, mwayi ochepa, kumenyera mphamvu atafika, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi m'malo mwa ochepa wina. Wilfredo ananena kuti elites ali ndi chizolowezi kutha. Motsatana, "neelity" ndi Ngokhoza kulenga akulowetsani mmalo awo oyenera. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa nthawi zambiri ana alibe makhalidwe chapadera cha makolo awo. Kufunika makope zonse elites ndi kusintha chifukwa chakuti anthu olamulira kutaya mphamvu, chomwe chinawathandiza kupambana malo pansi pano.

zinthu

Kampani amayesetsa kukhala mgwirizano chikhalidwe, omwe amaperekedwa ndi mogwirizana wa makamu osiyanasiyana. Pareto otchedwa zinthu mphamvu. Wilfredo ali 4 zinthu zazikulu: aluntha, chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale.

Psychological lochitira a anthu

Chiphunzitso cha Vilfredo Pareto amalipira mwapadera kuti zolinga za khalidwe la anthu, choncho malamulo a sayansi Italy mwachuluka ntchito za kuwerenga maganizo. Ntchito kusanthula ndale ndi anthu maganizo kufikako Wilfredo anafotokoza maganizo lochitira anthu osiyanasiyana mabungwe chikhalidwe. Iye ananena kuti anthu ndi osiyanasiyana, koma anthu amasiyana makhalidwe thupi ndi nzeru. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti Wilfredo osankhika chimafotokozera katundu titadziwa maganizo. Iwo ngakhale kusanja dongosolo mfundo mlingo chinakhazikitsidwa ndi amene amadziŵika ndi luso anthu mu izi kapena kuti dera la ntchito.

Kulola osankhika anakhala wamphamvu?

Osankhika Pareto mfundo ndi mbali 2: "nepravyaschuyu" ndi "Chigamulo". Last anira, ndipo woyamba ali kutali ndi mphamvu zopangira zisankho. Small kalasi mphamvu umachitika mwina chifukwa mphamvu zake, mwina chifukwa cha thandizo la gulu la kapolo. Komabe, monga Vilfredo Pareto anati, zomwe chiphunzitso cha elites mwatsatanetsatane wolungama "chilolezo gwero" izo maziko makamaka pa luso la anthu mphamvu kuti athandize ena ufulu wawo. Mwina wa pangano, iye anakhulupirira, kumadalira luso kuti kusintha maganizo ndi malingaliro a khamulo. Komabe, kukopa sikuti kuthandiza akanatha kulamulira, ndipo chotero, ochepa ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kuchita ndi mphamvu.

Awiri mitundu elites

Akuti Pareto osankhika kuima 2 mtundu wake "nkhandweyo" ndi "mikango". Ngati dongosolo la ndale ndi wolimba, kutsogozedwa ndi "mikango". dongosolo wosakhazikika amafuna schemers, innovators, kanjedza amphamvu, choncho pali "nkhandweyo". M'malo a osankhika wina ndi mnzake chifukwa chakuti aliyense wa mitundu ya elites ali ubwino wake. Komabe, iwo kusiya nthawi zosowa kasamalidwe ambiri. Choncho kasungidwe dongosolo pamafunika mgwirizano zonse osankhika mosinthana monga zidzachitika pamaso kubwereza zinthu.

Chilamulo Vilfredo Pareto

Izi wina chidwi anapeza Wilfredo. Apo ayi, ndipo uku kumatchedwa 20/80 Mfundo kapena Pareto mfundo. Ndi ulamuliro wa chala, chimene 20% ya khama kutipatsa 80% zotsatira, ndi otsala 80% - 20 okha%. Kulamulira Vilfredo Pareto angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati malo kwakukulu mu kusanthula Mwachangu zinthu za ntchito makamaka amene cholinga chake ndi konza zotsatira. Malinga ndi Pareto pamapindikira molondola osachepera ntchito zofunika kwambiri ife mbali yaikulu ya zotsatira okwana. patsogolo Komanso amakhala osamveka, ndipo akhale oipa.

Ziwerengero asonyezedwa chilamulo, ndithudi, sangakhale olondola kotheratu. Ndi m'malo ulamuliro wa chala. Kusankha nambala 80 ndi 20 - msonkho ku zoyenereza za Wilfredo, amene anawulula yogawa ndalama mabanja ku Italy. Iye ananena kuti 80% ya ndalama ndi anaikira mu 20% ya mabanja.

Kumene, tinakambirana yekha mu mawu ambiri za chopereka kwa sayansi, amene anayambitsa Vilfredo Pareto. Sociology zikomo ntchito yake chinayamba mwachangu. Chidwi ofufuza ambiri akukopeka nako. Vilfredo Pareto, lingaliro zofunika akadali masiku ano, ali mmodzi wa akatswiri otchuka ndi chuma zaka 19-20.