Robert Guk: yonena ndi moyo. Mwachidule Wambiri Roberta Guka ndi kutsegula ake

English wasayansi Robert Guk anali mmodzi wa anthu a nzeru kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Iye ankagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana malingaliro ndi zida, bwino kapangidwe ka maso ndi woyamba anapereka minofu makamaka ma.

waukulu wasayansi a ubwana

Tsogolo wasayansi, katswiri, zatsopano ndi zakuthambo, anabadwa pa July 18, 1635 mu mzinda wa Madzi abwino, limene lili pa Chisumbu cha Wight. bambo ake anali rector wa mpingo wa Oyera Mtima. Close yaitali adawopa thanzi mwana, monga momwe adali ofooka kwambiri ndipo tscheduschnym koma Robert anapulumuka. Mu 1648, pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake, Robert Guk anasamukira ku London ndipo anakhala mwana wa mmisiri dzina lake Peter Lely. Kale kukhala ndi wasayansi wotchuka, iye disapprovingly anakumbukira ubwana wake, koma luso la mafanizo amene anatsagana ndi sayansi ntchito zawo, amalola kuti nthawi siyinatayike pachabe mu situdiyo. Pa khumi ndi zinayi, mnyamata anakhala mwana wa Westminster School Bashbi kumene maphunziro ake mu 1653-m. Monga wasayansi aliyense Robert Guk anaphunzira Latin, chomwe chinali chilankhulidwe waukulu kulankhulana sayansi nthawi. Komanso, iye anali Chiheberi ndi Chigiriki, iye ankadziwa kuimba limba ndi yomweyo katswiri Maphunziro zovuta.

Chiyambi cha ntchito ya sayansi

Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, Robert Guk anasamukira ku Oxford kukhala wophunzira Khristu Church College. Komanso, iye anali chorister mu mpingo, komanso ngati wothandizira ndi pafupi wothandiza wa Boyle. Mu zaka zomwezo, anali ubwenzi ndi gulu "Kwachinsinsi College" wa Oxford, ndiAmene wa sayansi ndi kulinganiza anthu, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa moyo Hooke. Nthawi imeneyi, katswiri wa sayansi anatulukira mpweya mpope, analenga ndemanga pa lamulo la magazi mu capillaries lapansi. Komanso, Robert Guk, kutsegula umene kulenga limagwirira masika chifukwa mawotchi ang'onoang'ono, ndinali mkangano ang'ono ndi Huygens, amenenso ankagwira ntchito ndi zipangizo zimenezi. Mu 1662, wasayansi anali kupereka digiri mbuye ku Oxford University ya luso, ndi Royal Society, pa nthawi imeneyo yokha kupanga, anamuika curator wa zatsopano. Mu 1663-mamita Robert Guk analenga hayala kwa dera lino maphunziro, anakawagoneka chiwerengero cha anthu ake, ndipo mu 1677, anakhala mlembi wake.

pulofesa London

Ngakhale yonena mwachidule Roberta Guka sakanakhoza kuchita wopanda kutchulidwa chakuti mu 1664, pamene mliri inali mkati, wasayansi kumanzere London ku England. Atangotsala pang'ono anaikidwa pulofesa Greshemovskogo koleji ndipo ankakhala ku nyumba nyumba. Komanso, Hooke sanaleke ntchito ya curator wa zatsopano za Royal Society. Icho chinali malo ovuta a zinthu zimene anali sakuyenera mphoto. Pakuti kwambiri wotetezedwa wasayansi kukonzekera mayesero latsopano izo kugwirizana ndi ndalama kwambiri. Komabe, ntchito imeneyi yathandiza kafukufuku wake ndipo adalenga olemekezedwa sayansi ulamuliro aulemu mlangizi. Komanso, m'lifupi mwa zofuna za Robert chidwi ndi anthu ena ammudzi. Information za Robert Hooke mu "History wa Royal Society" nkhani za ntchito yake monga curator ndipo limafotokoza zatsopano yodabwitsa ndi zingalowe zida zankhondo onga, matenthedwe kukula kwa galasi, komanso ntchito kulenga maso Iris ndi mitundu yonse ya zida za nyengo.

Kupanga "Micrographia"

Mu 1665-mamita linatulutsidwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri wasayansi lapansi. Treatise amatchedwa "Micrographics" mwatsatanetsatane njira kugwiritsa ntchito maso zosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku wa sayansi. Limafotokoza zatsopano zosiyanasiyana ndi mbali sikisite zomera, tizirombo. Kutsegula kukonza ma ya zinthu wapangidwa Robert Guk. Biology sanali sayansi chidwi chachikulu, chotero kuti zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi zambiri zodabwitsa. Komanso, mfundo
mafupawa, izo zimapangitsa Hooke komanso tate wa paleontology. khalidwe mafanizo wapamwamba zojambula mochita kugoba anapanga "Micrographics" wapatali buku. Ngakhale kuti sayansi ndi pafupifupi aiwala pa nthawiyo, yojambula wake mu kuphunzira kwa maselo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kudziwa za kupezeka ndi nzeru.

Inayambira maselo

Roberta Guka patsogolo maso wakhala phunziro chidwi zonse wasayansi lapansi. Iye ankaona akumugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu. Kamodzi, chinthu kafukufuku anapeza botolo Nkhata Bay. Iye anapanga lakuthwa mpeni kudula anakantha wasayansi ndi dongosolo lawo zovuta bwino. Cell, ulusi constituent la Nkhata Bay, Hooke anakumbutsa uchi. Popeza odulidwa chinachokera kwa mbewu, zofufuza zina anawatengera pa umatheka ndi nthambi za zomera zina. Pa kagawo zonyalazo mkulu Robert anaona kachiwiri padziko ma. Maselo amenewa ali anapatukana ndi partitions oposatu mayina maselo sayansi. Iye anaphunzira makulidwe awo ndi zotsatira za kukhalapo awo pa chuma wopangidwa mwa mfundozo. Choncho anayamba mbiri ya phunziro la zomera maselo. ntchito mopitirira pa iwo anali kunditumiza ku membala wina wa Royal Society, Nehemiya Grew yemwe anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi sayansi kuposa Robert Guk. Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa maselo wakhala anayamba kuyamika ntchito yake. Mwakhama ndi tcheru, pamoyo wake kuphunzira zomera ndi kwakukulukulu mukopedwe njira zina za sayansi mderali. lonena Aika pa phunziro anali "Bzalani thunthu kumufotokozera zomera nkhani ndi akatswiri ochepa mapepala ena anawerenga pamaso pa Royal Society." Pakali pano, wasayansi Robert Guk anali atayamba kale kwa zatsopano ena.

zinthu zina

Iye sizidalira n'kukhutira ake Robert Guk, amene yonena kale Polemeretsedwa buku la "Micrographia". Iye anayamba chiphunzitso cha kuwala, yokoka ndi kapangidwe ka kanthu, kompyuta anatulukira kuti ntchito zovuta masamu ndi wangwiro chipangizo chimene chimathandiza kuphunzira munda Dziko Lapansi maginito. Mu malingaliro ena ake asayansi zinali nkhanza.
Mwachitsanzo, mu 1674 iye anali ndi mlandu Hevelius okhudzidwa ndi peculiarities wa ntchito microscopes. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1670 ankaona mapepala olembedwa pa chiphunzitso cha elasticity, amene akhala kuswana pansi odziwika malamulo Hooke. Iye anati kuwonjezeka m'litali wachibale ku chiyambi woyimba njila elongation mphamvu inversely molingana ndi kukula kwa chinthu mtanda gawo ndi chikugwirizana ndi nkhani imene chopangidwa.

Kulankhulana ndi Newton

Mu 1672-mamita Isaak Nyuton membala wa Royal Society, lomwe kale inkakhala Robert Guk. Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa maselo zatsopano ena alimbikitsa yonena ake mu maso a sayansi, koma kucheza ndi Newton anali yomangika kwa zaka. mfundo zawo sayansi zokhudzana onse kuti nkhani zachinsinsi, monga pamapindikira mawonekedwe amene akufotokoza thupi ukugwa, ndipo mfundo zofunika, kuphatikizapo mmene kuwala kumayendera. Newton ankaona kuti kamwazi kuwala zikuphatikizapo particles wapadera umene anautcha corpuscles kuwala. Robert Guk, yonena ali nawo pa nthawi ya ntchito yoweyula chikhalidwe cha kuwala, amaganiza kuti tichipeza kayendedwe kugwedera sing'anga mandala. Choncho panali kukambirana pakati pa corpuscular ndi chiphunzitso yoweyula. Mkanganowu anali kwambiri moti Newton adaganiza kulemba za CHIKWANGWANI imfa Hooke.

Plagiarism kapena munthawi yomweyo oyamba?

Mu 1686 pakati Newton ndi Hooke anathyola mtsutso wina, nthawi iyi zokhudzana ndi malamulo a mphamvu yokokera konsekonse. Mwina Guk paokha anamvetsa pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi njila pakati mphamvu yokoka ndi m'bwalo la mtunda pakati pa matupi, zomwe zinamuthandiza koti wolemba za "Zochitika" wa plagiarism. Pa nkhani imeneyi ndi sayansi imene analembera kalata ku Royal Society. Komabe, Newton kulongosola tsatanetsatane wa nkhaniyi, anatchula molondola ndipo anakonza lamulo la mogwirizana ndi malamulo chofunika kwambiri zimango. Pa mfundo imeneyi anafotokozera zoyenda ya mapulaneti, ndi amabwera ndipo amatha, wapanga zambiri zimene ena ofunika. Hooke analinso kwambiri chintchito chambiri mosamala kuchita chimodzimodzi imeneyi. Komabe, tisaiwale chidwi kwambiri mu vuto la kukoka ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano zoyenera izo, umene unachitikira ku 1671.

ntchito likamalowa

Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Robert Guk, amene yonena ndi wodzala ndi kupezedwa zofunika kwambiri m'madera ambiri, zinali mwachangu monga kale. Iye anaphunzira minofu ya chipangizo, kuyesera kulenga chitsanzo makina, analandira digiri yake ya udokotala, anali chidwi Amber, lectured, kuphatikizapo pa zimayambitsa zivomezi. Choncho, dera chidwi asayansi zaka yekha kukodzedwa, choncho, nthawi yomweyo anakula katundu. Pambuyo moto yoopsa kwambiri ya London anawonongedwa. Kubwezeretsa mzinda kutsogoleredwa ndi Kristofer Ren, ndi lopambana English wamanga ndi mnzanu wapamtima Hooke. Akumuthandiza, Hooke ankagwira ntchito mwakhama kwa zaka zinayi, m'njira chidwi ndi chidwi ndi kufufuza zinthu, ndi kusiya kokha angapo maola tulo ndi zina.

Zikathandizire pa ntchito yomanga London

Robert Hooke anali udindo wovuta. Pamodzi ndi Christopher Wren kuti reschedule malo ozungulira London Stock Kusinthanitsa. Mothandizidwa Hyu Meya ndi Roger Pratt anapanga chopereka chidwi ndi zomangamanga wa London. Mwazina, Hooke ndi Wren ndi pulani chipilala kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha moto zoopsa chinakhazikitsidwa. ntchito mokwanira wakhala akupangidwa ndi 1677 dziko anaona chidwi Doric mzati, chilengedwe cha mwala Portland ankagwiritsa ntchito. nsonga yake chokhala ndi mpira golide ndi malirime a moto. Kristofer Ren pachiyambi anafuna kusonyeza kumene Charles II, Iye anayankha kuti nawo mwambo moto sawalola. Kutalika kwa Danga ndi mamita 61 ndi 57 masentimita, monga zambiri pa ndime kwa poyambira kwa moto. Cholinga cha Hooke ntchito chipilala ngati choyezera sayansi pachimake zakutali ndi ntchito ndi pendulum, koma kunjenjemerako chifukwa cha magalimoto, chinalepheretsa ntchito imeneyi.

Imfa ya

Ntchito kumanganso London ndi bwino ndalama malo a sayansi, koma zoyipa thanzi. Lolemera ntchito tsiku anati matenda ndi kuwonongeka amphamvu masomphenya. Latest atayamba wasayansi wamkulu anali barometer sitimayo. About iye Royal Society anadziwa mu February 1701 pa milomo ya Edmond Halley, yemwe anali mnzake wapamtima wa Hooke. Wasayansi, zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe Robert Guk anamwalira pa March 3, 1703 ku nyumba kwake pa Greshemovskom koleji. Mmodzi wa anthu ambiri aluso a nthawi imeneyo, iye anali undeservedly aiwala ndi njira ya zaka.

Zimayambitsa chisokonezeko

Kuthi Hooke pa mitu ya chikhalidwe cha kuwala ndi malamulo a mphamvu yokokera anatumikira monga maziko ntchito Isaaka Nyutona, koma kusiyana kwambiri asayansi awiri anakula ubwenzi wawo. Iwo anayamba ngati atasemphana. Choncho, ali 'masamu Mfundo za Natural Philosophy "Newton kuchotsedwa maumboni onse ku ntchito ya Hooke. Komanso, iye anayesera kuchepetsa anathandiza sayansi. Mtsogoleri wa dziko la Royal Society, Newton anasiya ntchito zida zambiri Hooke pamanja anawalenga m'manda ku anaiwalika pa ntchito yake ndi kuika chithunzi wake. Ulemerero luso sayansi chinazilala. Komabe, za iye analembedwa ndi mawu Newton yotchuka. Mu kalata yake, iye anati, adachiwona pa yekha chifukwa ine ndinaima pa mapewa a zimphona. Inde, Robert Guk akuyenera dzina zimenezi, chifukwa iye anali munthu wamkulu wasayansi, zatsopano, zachilengedwe, zakuthambo ndipo wamanga nthawi yake.

Zosangalatsa za sayansi ndi

Madokotala ndi achibale Hooke ankaopa kuti afe ali wakhanda. Ena ankanena kuti iye sakhala moyo kwa zaka makumi awiri. Komabe, sayansi anakhala zaka 68, zomwe ndi nthawi yaitali kwambiri angatchedwe mfundo za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Title "selo", umene akufuna kuti mayunitsi pulayimale ya thupi, chifukwa chakuti particles ngati Hooke maselo anafanana Chimonko. Mmodzi wa zatsopano kugwirizana ndi mpweya, pafupifupi idatha misozi kwa mwamuna wasayansi. Suja lokha wapadera airtight wagawo, kumene mapampu mpweya, mwina chifukwa cha kumva. Kupatula chipilala, anakonza mogwirizana ndi Wren, Hooke pa ntchito zinalengedwa nyumba monga Observatory Greenwich ndi Cathedral St. Paulo. Onani ntchito ya sayansi Wamkulu tsopano.