Kunja kwa chigaza m'munsi

chigaza cha munthu - fupa chimango, amene ali mamembala a mafupa makumi awiri ndi zitatu. Iwo amagwira ntchito kuteteza ubongo ku kuvulala zosiyanasiyana. Chigaza ndi chigawo chimodzi cha dongosolo chigoba ndi dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Amakhala m'madipatimenti oziziritsa ndi nkhope kuti ntchito yeniyeni. Aliyense magawano ali kunja ndi mkati m'munsi.

Kodi ndipamene m'munsi a Chigaza chiyani?

Iwo aumbike mwa mbali yozungulira ndi m'mphuno mwa fupa mazunzo, mapiko yaikuluikulu, ethmoid ndi mbale, mapiramidi zosatha mafupa ndi thupi chachikulu, mbali mbali ndi mbali m'munsi mwa fupa occipital.

M'munsi a Chigaza, ndi chithunzi mukuonera, ali ndi dongosolo ngati kuti mafupa ake payekha kapena mafupa ndi pang'ono chikugwirizana zigawo za chichereŵechereŵe minofu. Iwo akutchedwa synchondrosises.

M'madipatimenti ndi mipata

Kunja chigaza m'munsi lagawidwa m'magawo ndipo ali protrusions zosiyanasiyana ndi mabowo kudzera amene mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Kumbuyo Front ndi malo kunja occipital lokwera. Kwa iye akubwera uko pa Crest wa khosi. Pamaso mamba yaikulu inabala khosi. Mbali zonse ndi zochepa kuti fupa occipital, ndipo kutsogolo - mpheroyo. Hypoglossal mitsempha ali condylar inabala anakafika pansi njira khosi, zomwe zili kuseri kwa fossa kutembenukira mu chakudya likukulira.

Pafupi magnum foramen a chigaza m'munsi, pafupi kutsogolo, ili pharyngeal tubercle, pamene mastoid - dzenje ndi dzina labwino, ndilo linanena bungwe kopita kwa nkhope mitsempha ndi styloid ndondomeko.

Pamwamba pansi pa gawo petrous ali jugular fossa ndi kutsegula kwa dzina chomwecho. Kudutsa misempha cranial. Ku mbali iyi ya Chibade kutsegula kunja kunja jugular Vienna. Pamaso pake ndi carotid ngalande ku dzenje kunja ndi chinang'ambika - ili pafupi nsonga ya mbali miyala.

Pterygoid ngalande akudutsa kutsogolo kwa muzu wa njira pterygoid ndi kutsegula dzenje. Chowulungika ndi spinous mabowo ali pa fupa sphenoid. The mipata wa m'mphuno otchedwa choanae. Iwo zili kutsogolo kwa ong'ambika. Pakati pa mbale kunja kwa ndondomeko pterygoid ndi pamwamba pansi pa phiko lalikulu ili sphenoid ndi infratemporal fossa.

Mbali kumbuyo kwa fupa chimodzimodzi mabowo dzina kumwamba kuti atsogolere mu mitsinje. Tili incisors selo ndi kumbuyo kutsegula incisive.

kapangidwe

Chibade - ndi M'mimbamo popangidwa ndi mwamphamvu polumikiza mafupa, zomwe zili mu ziwalo zina zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu: ubongo mutu, mbali yoyamba ya m'mapapo ndi machitidwe m'mimba ndi ziwalo nzeru. Chigaza kusiyanitsa m'chipinda chotetezeka kapena denga, ndi maziko omwe ali kunja ndi mkati. Kunja m'munsi Chibade cha aumbike ndi pamwamba pansi zace - ubongo ndi nkhope m'madipatimenti, amene anawagawa kutsogolo, kumbuyo ndi pakati.

Mbali kutsogolo limachokera ku incisors ndi wachita kumbuyo kumapeto kwa mafupa Palatine anapanga yopingasa mbale, amene olumikiza kutsogolo kwa nsagwada chapamwamba spikes kumwamba, n'kupanga m'kamwa Bony. Mu malo ake aumbike maenje incisal, amene akuyamba njira chisel. Zimadzetsa mu ndime m'munsi m'mphuno. Kapangidwe ka chigaza m'munsi ngati kuti pakati pa m'kamwa fupa olowa chimafikira, ndi mabowo palatal: ang'ono ndi lalikulu - patsogolo kwa njira.

Chigawo pakati ali wotanganidwa ndi danga pakati pathambo ndi magnum foramen, m'mphepete ake kutsogolo. malire ofananira kuthamanga pamodzi ndi ngalande kunja Makutu kwa ndondomeko mastoid mitundu ya. Kunja chigaza m'munsi ali mabowo awiri, kutsegula mu m'mphuno.

Kumbuyo Front inali pakati pa m'mphepete kutsogolo kwa dzenje occipital zazikulu ndi akunja occipital protuberance.

ofesi kutsogolo

Iwo wapangidwa ndi mafupa wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired. Chogwidwa ndi zakale. Iwo amakhala ndi nsagwada chapamwamba, m'mphuno, zygomatic, ndi Palatine lacrimal fupa, m'munsi mphuno lakuya. Chachiwiri - ethmoid fupa coulter, hyoid fupa, nsagwada m'munsi. Mafupa a m'munsi Chigaza, amene ofesi kutsogolo, ndi amadza yaikulu mphamvu zonse, kachitidwe kupuma ndi m'mimba.

Limbani chigaza kulola m'dera wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Iwo mafupa unpaired. Komanso, mpweya nawo popereka kutchinjiriza matenthedwe. cavities oterowo mphero, ndi mazunzo, ethmoid, kanthawi fupa ndi maxilla.

A udindo wapadera mu thupi anatumizidwa ku hyoid Arc fupa, yomwe ili pakati pa m'phuno ndi mmunsi mwa pachibwano ndipo m'pamene mafupa cranial ndi Mitsemphayi ndi akatumba. Ndi zifika mapangidwe thupi ndi awiri ndi nyanga, ndi momwe ndondomeko styloid.

Chapamwamba mafupa lathyathyathya a m'munsi chigaza ndi mbale ndizodzazidwa ndi chuma fupa. maselo ake ndi ubongo ndi ziwiya mwa mwazi amazungulira. Gyrus ndi sulcus ubongo anapanga ndi monyanyira a mafupa ena achigaza.

cranial

Iye amateteza ubongo zisaonongeke ndi chipolopolo wake wotetezera. Cranial nkhope pamwamba ndi wosiyana ndi ali mawonekedwe a ellipse ndi. voliyumu yake ndi 1500 masentimita ongokhala awiriawiri, parietal ndi wathupi, mafupa, ndi apakatikati -. Occipital, sphenoid ndi mazunzo. Yotsirizira tichipeza mamba awiri, uta. Ndi pneumatic. Pali aumbike pamphumi ndi mazunzo n'chodabwitsa, amene anapanga khoma la mwake, ndi m'mphuno, ndi fossa pa akachisi komanso kutsogolo. Mothandizidwa ndi parietal fupa zooneka zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso ndi thandizo la occipital wa - m'munsi a Chigaza, ndi chithunzi chimene anapereka kwa tcheru chanu.

Nthunzi fupa ndi zovuta pneumatic zosatha gawo. Iwo akuchita mapangidwe m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial, izo munkakhala kumva ziwalo. fupa Izi ndipamene piramidi ankakhala ndi bowo tympanic ndi khutu lamkati.

sphenoid

Malowa ali pamtunda kumene m'munsi a Chigaza, mu likulu. Pa thupi sphenoid ayenera kuchokerako njira moyenerera dzina lake, ndi mapiko yaikuluikulu. Thupi ali pamalo asanu ndi limodzi ntchito yeniyeni. Izi kutsogolo, kumbuyo, pamwamba, pansi ndi mbali ziwiri.

M'munsi yaikulu ya phiko ali mipata chonse, mawonekedwe chowulungika ndi spinalis. Pali zinthu zinayi ya phiko lake, nayitana wosakhalitsa, maxillary, ophthalmic ndi ubongo. Iwo zili grooves wolumikizira ndi matendawa,. The mbali medial ya phiko wamng'ono ali ndi ndondomeko mumbali. Danga pakati pa phiko zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ali chapamwamba yozungulira fissure.

occipital fupa

Amakhala basilar ndi mbali lateral ndi mamba. Ngati chaubale aumbike ndi kutsegula zikuluzikulu zotchedwa occipital. Pamwamba m'munsi mwa lateral condyle gawo amaperekedwa, imene ngalande ndi sublingual. Kumbuyo kwake ndi fossa condylar ngalande pansi.

Likulu la padziko kunja mamba ali occipital protuberance. Iye akupitirira pansi lokwera a dzina lomweli.

mazunzo fupa

Kunja chigaza m'munsi ali mbali yaikulu ya denga ndipo ali ndi fupa mazunzo, zomwe zikuphatikizapo mphuno, yozungulira ndi mazunzo gawo la m'miyeso. Mphuno gawo kutsogolo ndi laterally okha latticework zodula, omwe analekana lamanzere ndi lamanja mwake diso. Zapambuyo mazunzo gawo ali ndi mzere pakati wakupambana mu m'mphuno msana. Pa mbali ya izo (yopingasa) ndi kabowo wa nkusani mazunzo a Chigaza lapansi.

mbali zinchito Chibade cha

Monga kobvuta thupi Bony, chigaza ali ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Amachita ubongo chitetezo, mphamvu zonse zisaonongeke.
• mafupa Cranial chikugwirizana kutafuna, nkhope ndi khosi minofu.
• Chinkhoswe mu ndondomeko kulankhula pamene ntchito nsagwada pneumatic ndi sinuses phokoso amapangidwa.
• Chibade amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo m'mimba, ndicho mwa nsagwada anapanga kutafuna ntchito ndi yochepa kuti patsekeke m'kamwa.

M'munsi a Chigaza kuti: mapangidwe

A mwana wakhanda mafupa nsagwada ndi mosabisa, iwo ndi kudzikundikira ndalama yaikulu fupa balochek popanda bungwe zodziwika bwino. Pakati pa iwo ndi lotayirira connective minofu. Yaying'ono fupa la zigawo zotumphukira akusowa, m'malo a periosteum anapereka nkhungu wosanjikiza.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, anthu mtanda ndi ophatikizidwa. Ndipamene yothandizira yaying'ono chimbale: choyamba m'mbali, ndiyeno zapambuyo ndi zapambuyo zigawo pachibwano. Miyeso ya mafupa nkhope kukula. Chofunika kwambiri pa kukula kwa mafupa nkhope ya Chibade m'munsi ali. Matenda a dongosolo awo kotero kuti zapambuyo cranial fossa ndi lengthened chifukwa matabwa kuti nadzawasankhula mazunzo ndi gululi, atsopano ndi fupa chimapangitsa.

Kumathera kukula ndi moyo 10-11 zaka. Kenako mazunzo fupa pnevmatiziruetsya ndi fupa mapangidwe amapezeka padziko akunja. Atsikana, izi ndi zaka 13, ndipo anyamata - mpaka 14. Ndi kukula kwa chigaza m'munsi amachepetsa mbali pakati maenje cranial: kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Ikufotokoza chakuti gawo ofukula wa munthu akanagonjetsa ndi yopingasa.

Features ya kapangidwe ka chigaza ndi: kugonana ndi zaka

mafupa onse a Chigaza ayamba kukhala gawo membranous, kenako chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa lomaliza. mafupa nkhope kuzilambalala siteji pakati pa chitukuko. Mbali yapadera ya kapangidwe ka chigaza cha mwana wakhanda ali pamaso pa zotsala za chigaza membranous - fontanelle, amene ali kutsogolo, kumbuyo ndi mbali.

Pa fontanel zapambuyo (waukulu) zingaoneke kuti kayendedwe kupuma, intracranial kuthamanga (ngati kumawonjezera fontanelle zitunda), madzi m'thupi mwana (ngati fontanelle limalephera matenda).

The fontanelle kumbuyo n'chochepa ndi kukula mofulumira. Mu zonse yaitali mwana wakhanda opereŵera fontanelles lateral, akupezekera ana obadwa masiku asanakwane. Koma ali ndi zaka 2-3 ya moyo tchire.

Mbali yachiwiri ndi yakuti onse mkati ndi pamwamba kunja kwa chigaza m'munsi ali chichereŵechereŵe wosanjikiza, amene anakonza mbali munthu mafupa.

Mbali yachitatu. Makanda obadwa kumene, sinuses pneumatic, spines, tokhala, zibwano si akupangidwa opanda mano.

Mapangidwe ndi sutures Chibade cha adza kwa zaka 3-5 moyo. Cacikulu anamaliza mu zaka 25-30 kukula.

Chibade kusiyana ndi jenda, koma chofunika kwambiri kuti ali. Age zokhudzana kusintha angathe m'munsi lonse Chibade cha. Kaswili matabwa ake kotero kuti crests ndi chofewa ngati siponji fupa nyumba mankhwala anayamba kupasuka, mafupa cranial kukhala Chimaona ndi zosavuta. Chibade mawonekedwe zingasiyane mchikakamizo cha zinthu makina.