Kusintha kwa chuma Gaydara Egora Timurovicha

Yegor Gaidar membala wa Boma ya November 6 1991. tsiku lino akhoza amatengedwa kuti ndi poyambira cha kukonzanso chuma ku Russia. Mphamvu anapereka palokha ntchito komanso mofulumira nthawi zotheka kuchotsa dziko ya chikominisi zapitazi. Popanda kusintha kwambiri chuma, zaka zambiri analipo mu mawonekedwe a zachuma anakonza, kunali kosatheka.

kusintha Gaidar ankatumikira monga ndalezo kulenga mu Russia msika ufulu. Boma la nthawi kuti liberalized mitengo ritelo, reorganized dongosolo msonkho, analenga dongosolo misika yatsopano. Zonsezi modabwitsa posakhalitsa kutchedwa "mantha mankhwala".

liberalization Price

October 28, 1991, kutatsala masiku ochepa poika Egora Gaydara ndi wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko kwa Policy Economic a Boma, Purezidenti wa Russia Boris Yeltsin anakamba kulankhula yaikulu pa Congress cha akuluakulu anthu. Mutu wa boma analengeza kufunika liberalize mitengo. Iye anali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chuma chakale msika. kanthu pulezidenti Analeredwa ndi nthumwi za Congress pafupifupi pamodzi.

Chiyambi cha kusintha zachuma Gaidar anali lidzakwaniritsidwa mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti liberalization adzakhala analengeza pa 1 December. Iwo sankafuna mgwirizano mayiko, amene anali nayebe limodzi Russian ruble nthambi. kusintha Gaidar anali amakumbukira zachuma anzake dzina la si. Ngakhale kuti malamulo atsopano pamaso yamalamulo kumbuyo Boris Yeltsin, amene ankasangalala mphamvu zake pulezidenti chitukuko cha ntchito zonse anagona pa mapewa a Egora Timurovicha ndi gulu lake.

Chiyambi chenicheni cha kusintha zachuma Gaidar anafika January 2, 1992, pamene iye anatengedwa ndi lamulo Pulezident "Pa mulinso njira liberalization wa mitengo." Kusintha anadzifula okha anamva yomweyo. boma chidatha zonse mitengo yogulitsa 80% ndipo 90% ritelo. The boma mongoyembekezera anapitiriza kulamulira yekha katundu chikhalidwe zofunika ogula: mkaka, mkate, etc. malire Izi analandira chifukwa ... kusintha Economic Gaidar zinachitikadi mu zikhalidwe za kugwedezekagwedezeka chikhalidwe, pamene anthu yatsala chimanjamanja pambuyo mavuto a dongosolo mapulani kugwa dongosolo Soviet.

pulogalamu Gaidar a

Pokonzekera pulogalamu yake, boma anapita kuchokera amazionera, kuti Russia alibe chilichonse "njira yapadera", ndipo m'pofunika kuphunzira mbali zonse zoyambirira za chuma Western msika. Mpaka kumapeto a 1991 iyo inali osati kuchotsa chimene uchimo chikuyembekezeka osankhidwa akuluakulu Russian. ntchito zawo anapereka andale osiyanasiyana ndi chuma: Yavlinsky, SHatalin, Saburov Abalkin etc ...

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, "kupambana" akadali Gaidar pulogalamu. Sizinali ngati chuma. Kusintha ayenera kukhala mwa kumanga ubale msika mu dziko kupanga latsopano boma mitundu, amene malo chinali chopanda pambuyo kugwa chikominisi. Yegor Gaidar malingaliro awo ndi zimene zikalata "yapafupi chiyembekezo chuma Russia" ndi "Russian Njira mu Zidziwitso". Malinga ndi machenjerero awa, kusintha anali mfundo za anthu wamba, liberalization chuma ndi olimba.

gulu Gaidar chinamuzindikiritsa mavuto zitatu zikuluzikulu kuti mtundu waung'ono tinatengera kwa Soviet Union. Icho chinali kufufuma, ndi kupereka mavuto zokhudza zonse. Otsiriza a iwo anali chakuti akuluakulu ataya luso zawo zonse otaya chuma.

Anakonza makamaka kusintha ndipo kwambiri kusintha mlingo chonse, monga mwa Poland pa nthawi anachita boma Rakovski. Gaidar amakhulupilira kuti nkhani zoterozo mu dziko pachiyambi pafupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kufufuma adzakhala apitiriza. Koma ntchitoyi ameneyu adzasiyidwa. Asayansi asonyeza akuluakulu kuti miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mavuto a dziko limangolembedwa sapulumuka. Choncho, anaganiza kuti muyambe liberalization kwakukulu yomweyo. Zasonyezanso kuti palibe munthu kapena njira zina sanalonjeze chabwino chilichonse chuma.

Kugwa kwa chuma

liberalization Price kwachititsa zosiyanasiyana mavuto amene anali anatipatsira pamlingo izi mofulumira kusintha pa chuma. Dongosolo latsopano mu msika anali akusemphana ndi mfundo ndalama - m'chilimwe cha 1992, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono zoweta ataya likulu lawo ntchito. M'chaka cha banki chapakati anayamba apereke ambiri ngongole makampani, alimi, Soviet Union, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndipo chidachitika kuti kuphimba kuchepekedwa bajeti. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo panali kulumpha yaikulu mu kufufuma. Mu 1992 izo nditapatsidwa 2500%.

Kugwa zinachitika pa zifukwa zingapo. Tsoka loyamba kunabuka chifukwa chakuti pamaso pa mtengo liberalization si m'malo ndalama unachitikira, amene adzawapulumutse dziko ku rubles akale Soviet. Ndalama watsopano waoneka yekha mu 1993, pamene kusintha zachuma Gaidar anali kale watha, ndipo iye anasiya boma.

Hyperinflation osauka kwambiri gawo la anthu Russia. Mu 90s chiwerengero cha anthu osauka chinali 45%. madipoziti Depreciated Soviet anthu a mu Sberbank anataya awo kugula mphamvu. boma ananena zinachitika mu mavuto, Council Wamkulukulu, amene anakakamizika iye yocheza ndi nkhani zina za ndalama.

Nkhani okwanira ndalama zina anayamba kuchita ngakhale mu zaka otsiriza Soviet, pamene boma ndi thandizo la zachuma ndalama m'banja. Kodi kusintha Gaidar a dongosolo potsiriza anakomoka. mayiko anaumba USSR analipira ndi makampani Russian ndi rubles chomwecho, umene yekha zina escalate mavutowo. M'chaka cha 1992 pamene countermeasure ndi kukhazikitsa wapadera si ndalama nkhani mtolankhani mothandizidwa ndi imene inali kuchitidwa midzi ndi maiko ena CIS.

Yamalamulo ndi boma

Gaidar kusintha kwakukulu zachuma kuchokera pachiyambi anali pansi kutsutsa wankhanza wa akuluakulu anthu. Monga mukudziwa, pa April 6, iwo anatsegula awo VI Congress. Ndi nthawi iyi akuluakulu a boma anali okwanira chitsutso cohesive, ozikidwa pa lobbyists ulimi ndi mafakitale kusakhutira ndi kuchepetsa boma ndalama.

Pa misonkhano yawo msonkhano anatengera kusamvana, pamene madandaulo chachikulu ndi mfundo za boma. E. T. Gaydara kusintha akhala dzina lake chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha mavuto a zachuma .. Kukhala mfundo kugwa anthu, chiwonongeko cha ubwenzi kale chuma, mafakitale kuchepa, kusowa ndalama, etc. Ambiri, pali kulephera kwa boma kusunga zinthu m'dziko lolamulidwa. The MP akukhulupirira kuti kusintha Gaidar anali ikuchitika mosatengera maganizo ndi malonda eni anthu. Nthumwi lamulo adafotokoza pulezidenti kusintha mfundo za chuma, kutenga nkhani maganizo awo onse ndi otetezedwa.

Poyankha nkhondo ya akuluakulu a boma, pamodzi ndi Gaidar Borisu Eltsinu m'manja yosiya wake. The Atumiki Ufumuyo lipoti anadzudzula Congress pempholo, Dziwani kuti ngati mphamvu amapita zimenezi, boma kuonjezera ndalama ku mlingo wokwera kuposa rubles trilioni, pamene kufufuma lidzafika pakhomo la 400% pamwezi.

The yosiya sichinayambe anavomera, koma Yeltsin anali kupita pa akuluakulu kunyengalera. Iye anayambitsa boma la anthu atsopano - otchedwa "otsogolera wofiira", lobbied zofuna za eni mabizinezi lalikulu, amene analandira posts awo mu zaka Union. Mu gululo uyu anali Vladimir Shumeyko, George Hizhu Vladimir Chernomyrdin.

Pambuyo khama ziziyenda vuto la zachuma. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, boma kuchepetsa ndalama boma, komanso anayambitsa msonkho watsopano. Mu May 1992, kufufuma anagwa pang'ono. Iwo anali ikuchitika lamulo lina la Bungwe la Supreme - kwambiri akamasuke mfundo ndalama. Boma nayenso allocated rubles 600 biliyoni chifukwa chobwezera cha arrears kuti Anthuwa ndi antchito ena chidwi mwa makampani akuluakulu

Mu July, zasintha mu utsogoleri wa Bank wa Central. Mutu watsopano Viktor Gerashchenko, amene wandigwira mfundo imeneyi Soviet Union, anakanitsitsa kusintha kwa Yegor Gaidar, ananena ndalama mabala. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1992, Bank of Central kukongoza buku chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 3 kale. Ndi October, ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti zochepa 4% ya GDP, poyerekeza ndi August chithunzi.

Yambani wamba

Mu June 1992, Yegor Gaidar anakhala wapampando wa boma. Kuti dzinja yomweyo, anthu wamba anayamba mu Russia. Okonzanso mukufuna kugwiritsa izo mwamsanga. Boma amakhulupirira kuti Russia ayenera kuonekera kwa gulu la eni, amene adzakhale chamankhwala chodalirika ndi kuthandiza ndondomeko chuma cha boma. Wamba amakampani zinachitika akukhala zomera komanso mafakitale ku mfundo zake zonse zinatha. Mabizinezi anagulitsidwa kwa nyimbo. Shopping anatenga chigumukire. Chifukwa cha maenje ambiri mu malamulo a ndikupeleka anali kuyan'anila anachita ndiponso zachinyengo.

Pamene kusintha E. T. Gaydara kutatsirizika m'ma 90s mu Russia akhala mortgaging amagulitsa nsombazo, kumene yaikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri mabizinezi mu dziko wadutsa mu manja a eni watsopano mitengo mobwerezabwereza yafupika. Chifukwa cha wotuluka awa, latsopano kalasi ya oligarchs, zimene zinachititsa kuti kugawaniza ngakhale wamkulu chikhalidwe pakati pa olemera ndi osauka.

Othandiza kusintha ndi wamba wa boma Gaidar ankakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika posachedwapa kusiya akale dongosolo Soviet la chuma cha dziko ndi monopolization zimabwezera centralization. Kukakamizidwa malonda mitengo zabweretsa zobwera zambiri ndi zolakwika. Malinga ndi kafukufuku maganizo, pafupifupi 80% ya anthu Russia a amaona zotsatira za wamba monga wapathengo.

mavocha

Pakuti misa wamba polima Voucher - wamba Voucher, zomwe zinali zoti akazipereke nzeru chuma mabizinezi boma akumeneko. Anapitirira m'manja payekha. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti pogwiritsa ntchito chida ichi, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono oyang'anira tauni adzakhala kunditumiza ku umwini payekha.

Okwana pafupifupi mamiliyoni 146 mavocha anasindikizidwa. Nzika amene alandira cheke, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala kuti muzimvetsera la magawo a kampani kapena kuchita nawo ogulitsira malonda a. Komanso mapepala Akadagulitsidw. Anthu a m'dzikoli sakanatha nawo mwachindunji mu wamba lapansi. Iwo anali corporatized mabizinesi awo kapena mavocha kutengerapo mu Voucher ndalama ndalama (ChIF). Pali zinalengedwa oposa 600 mabungwe amenewa.

Khalani zasonyeza kuti mavocha kwenikweni kukhala zinthu osiyanasiyana. eni zambiri sheya izi kuzigulitsa kuti amalonda ndi mbiri wofooka kapena padera mu Chiefs, poganiza kuti tipeze mapindu yokulirapo. Chifukwa cha khalidwe limeneli phindu sheya anagwa mofulumira. Izi zikachitika, anthu anayamba kufuna kuchotsa mavocha. Iwo makamaka anakakhala manja a bongo pamthunzi, speculators, akuluakulu ndi kasamalidwe makampani okha.

Chifukwa cha wamba ake mwaphuma (dzina kusintha zachuma Gaidar) unachitikira liberalization za mitengo, pamene mtengo wa ndalama Voucher wakhala kakhumi zosakwana phindu lenileni la makampani. Akuti speculators anali kugula 500 mafakitare yaikulu komanso zomera $ biliyoni 7. Koma iwo kwenikweni anali okwana $ 200 biliyoni. Izi zinali otchedwa "bizinesi pake", omwe analola 10% ya anthu kulamulira pa chuma cha dziko. Ndalama waukulu kubweretsa katundu mpweya, mafuta ndi zitsulo sanali akakhala. Companies ndi eni latsopano osati sanabwerere ndi phindu Russian chuma. Iwo samakhulupirira ngakhale kupita abwezere chikuwonjezereka ngongole kunja boma.

mfundo agrarian

Mu 1992, chiyambi cha kusintha Gaidar a amalembedwa komanso kusintha m'mudzi. Yofunika kwambiri chuma ulimi anayamba kuimba mitundu yatsopano ya chuma. Anaonekera anatseka poyera makampani olowa katundu, cooperatives ndi zibwenzi zochepa. Okwana iwo nkhani za 2/3 la nchito za ulimi. vutoli akumenya mwamphamvu zonse minda atsopano. Sikokwanira ulimi makina, magalimoto, feteleza ndi zina zotero. D.

Boma anatengera pulogalamu kuthetsa zotsala za dongosolo Soviet - boma minda losonkhanitsidwa. Mu March 1992, dziko la Russia 60 zikwi munthu minda munda mtundu. Ndi kugwa kwa chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka kasanu. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusowa zipangizo zamakono, iwo sanathe kupereka dziko ndi okwanira kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Mgwirizano anatsogolera chakuti ndi kupanga m'ma 90 anagwa ndi 70% poyerekeza ndi nyengo otsiriza Soviet. Mlimi sanathe kudyetsa Russian, ndi onse chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu mtengo wa reagents, zida, ndi zina zotero. D.

Asilikali mafakitale zovuta

Mu 1992, boma zikuchepa anachepetsa zankhondo zogula. Mu chi Soviet asilikali mafakitale zovuta wakhala kwambiri mopitirira muyezo. Iwo anathera gawo la mikango za bajeti. Ndi mavuto azachuma, boma sitingakhale kupereka ntchito ambiri makampani, zimene zinachititsa kuti bankirapuse awo ndi kugulitsa ndi gulu lina.

Makamaka pachimake ndi vuto kafukufuku (R & D). Dongosolo la ndalama la zovuta izi anawonongedwa, nchifukwa chake magulu kwambiri oyenerera anathyola ndi ntchito. Zinali ndiye kuti anayamba otchedwa "ubongo kuda" - .. The emigration asayansi, akatswiri, okonza, etc. Iwo massively kusamuka m'mayiko Western pofunafuna moyo wabwino, pamene mabizinesi awo anali osagwira popanda ntchito.

Boma, kusintha makampani chitetezo, machimo akuluakulu: sanali Zitatero ndi kukonzanso kapena kulanda mafakitale ku malo. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti boma zinali zolakwika pamene anachotsa chiletso pa tanthauzo la katundu wa ogula zimenezi zinachititsa kampani popanda kagawo kakang'ono mu msika.

yosiya Gaidar a

Mu December 1992, Yegor Gaidar anasiya ntchito ku positi wa wapampando wa boma. lake lonyamuka anali kukondera mu mgwirizano pakati pa bungwe la Supreme ndi mutsogoleli wa Russia. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti pangano adzalola kuti bwinobwino kusungira referendum pa malamulo atsopano. Komabe, mu 1993, maguluwo anakana kukwaniritsa udindo wawo, zikubweretsa mkangano wa Boma ndi mutsogoleli wadziko. Tinayamba zochitika October, pamene Moscow zowawa masiku angapo kumenyana msewu.

M'mavuto m'dzinja Gaidar anabwerera kamodzinso kuti Boma, ndipo uko kunali koyamba Wachiwiri wapampando, komanso nduna za Economy. Pomaliza, kasamalidwe okalamba, iye anasiya January 20, 1994. Nthawi yonse iyi akuluakulu kukonzanso chuma Gaidar kale ukachitikire, ndipo dziko ankakhala mu zenizeni latsopano zachuma.

Zotsatira zabwino za kusintha

Back mu December 1992, madzulo a pantchito, iye anafotokoza zotsatira za ntchito yawo. The Nduna pa VII Congress cha akuluakulu Anthu anatsindika kupambana lalikulu mphamvu. Reorganized dongosolo msonkho, wamba ndi kusintha agrarian (ziŵalo minda losonkhanitsidwa ndi boma), restructured Mphamvu, kukhazikitsidwa makampani mafuta yafupika ndalama kwa ogulidwa yolimbanirana ndi zida za nkhondo.

Mtumiki wa Economy ndi mnzake Gaidar Andrey Nechayev wotchedwa boma ndi njira zina zofunika kwambiri mu nthawi zovuta. Kupatula pa mtengo kale pamwambapa liberalization, boma apumeko malonda, mangawa yachilendo inathetsedwa ndi kutsegula mizere ngongole mu West. Gaidar kusintha mu 1992 kunapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa kuchepekedwa bajeti. Zofunika zaluso msonkho ndi zikamera wa msonkho pa kupanga mafuta. Chinthu chakale anakonza dongosolo chuma. boma anali amachita zimenezi boma. M'munda wa ndalama zitsulo ubale kiyi maulamuliro ndi amalonda payekha. Mwatsopano linamangidwa malonda ndi mayiko Union - ananka mitengo dziko ndi chikhazikitso msika.

E. T. Gaydar kukonza chuma zomwe zinachititsa kuti kukonzanso ubale chuma, amafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo malonda mu katundu wa manja nkhondo. An luso lofunika linali kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo bankirapuse. Mkubwela kwa chuma msika akhazikitsidwa ndipo makampani ndalama ndi kuphana katundu woyamba, omwe sizikanatheka ku Soviet Union.

"Shock mankhwala"

Utatha wa Soviet Union Russia ndi pa mphambano amene anali asanakhale m'mbiri ya anthu. boma yaikulu ndi moyo zaka 70 pansi pa chikominisi ndi chuma anakonza kumbuyo kunali koyenera kuti asamukire chitsanzo kutukuka msika. Mu 1991-1992. palibe ku dziko yaikulu pa zoterezi kuyesera musanaganizire. zaka ziwiri pamaso pa Russian kusintha ofanana inayamba mu Poland ndi Czechoslovakia, koma osati yayenda bwino looneka ndi analipo yekha mu mawonekedwe ndondomeko.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kusintha Gaidar anali kuonetsetsa kuti boma amayenera kwenikweni akhungu, pa chiopsezo chawo, ntchito chuma wodwala kwa dziko yace. Komabe, chinachake akadali anatengedwa kuchokera comrades zakale mumsasa zokomera. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia iwo unalengedwa ntchito osakhalitsa, ndi kufanizira ndi Watsimikiza pa ufulu wochita malonda mu Poland. zonsezi anathandiza kudzaza makola msewu. Komabe, kusintha anali ndalama zawo. malonda kotereku anapeza akalumikidzidwa zachilendo - misasa latsopano anaonekera wachisokonezo ndipo popanda mabasa.

kusintha zachuma boma Gaidar (kusintha kuchokera zokomera kuti chuma msika) anayamba mochedwa kwambiri. Ndipotu, nthawi anataika mu mochedwa '80s, pamene woyamba zizindikiro kwambiri vutoli. Soviet zipangizo chuma wakhala zaululu kugwa mitengo mafuta, zimene zinachititsa kuti queues masitolo ndi dongosolo khadi pamaso kusintha Gaidar anayamba. Dzina la "mankhwala mantha" anapatsidwa kusintha mpake - dongosolo anayenera kulowedwa m'malo chilengedwe pangozi.