Kusonyeza zidutswa mu ndege (kudziwika)

Luso bwino kusonyeza akalumikidzidwa osiyana mu ndege pepala, lona, ndi pamwamba ndicho mokwanira kwambiri luso. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonse, n'kofunika kwa anthu paluso: amisiri, Osema, likutipatsa ojambula zithunzi, okonza (mkati malo a nyumba ndi malo mapulani) ndi anthu sayansi: masamu, sayansi, okonza ndi woyamba.

Koma munthu kuchokera madera amenewa kuti tidziwe mmene kuzindikira ndi kusonyeza m'dzikoli M'pofunikanso. Izi zimathandiza sankangotanthauza kumvetsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana zonse. Ngati mulibe mfundo zokwanira za momwe angachitire izo molondola, ndiye amayamba sadzakhala bwino kamangidwe, chithunzi kapena zojambula anatulukira iliyonse. Ndiko kuti, luso limeneli n'kofunika onse zing'onozing'ono tsiku ndi tsiku ndi padziko lonse, ndi tanthauzo konsekonse.

A mbiri pang'ono

Kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala akuyesa yosonyeza kuti zimene anaona owazungulira: anthu ena mtundu dongosolo wosazindikira a nthawi imeneyo, dziko modabwitsa okongola a zomera ndi nyama, mapiri otchuka, ndi zinthu monga, katundu wa m'nyumba. Kuti ndi dziko yosiyanasiyana zake zonse ndi mogometsa.

Koma ndiye iwo analibe ingatithandize kudziwa kuti n'zotheka kuchita molondola ndi molondola kusonyeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana ooneka enieni ndege anali kwenikweni ziriri, ndi moyo. Panali munthu wa nzeru zogwirizana makamaka palibe luso kupatula mwina kwambiri.

Kulankhula kochokera kale kuti kupenta oyamba padziko lonse lapansi anali mzere umodzi wokha, chimene chinayamba pamodzi mithunzi anthu kuponyedwa ndi dzuwa pa khoma. Kuti ndi chilengedwe izi, ayenera kupita kukafunafuna njira yoyenera nkhaniyi kwina kulikonse.

Ndipo funso limene munthu wobvutika kenako pachifukwa ichi: sankafuna kusangalala basi akuzinga moyo silhouette, choyambirira, titero, ndipo anayesera analanda chinthu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena ndege. Ndipo anachita zimenezi kuti athe mu njira iyi kapena azikongoletsa kwanu kapena malo opatulika kwa iye, kapena kutenga katundu ndi chithunzi ndi kusuntha kwa mtunda uliwonse.

Masamu zimakwana

Ndipo chilichonse, koma patapita zaka zambiri, zaka zapita, mwina mu chitukuko cha chitukuko, anthu aphunzira pang'onopang'ono kusonyeza akalumikidzidwa lovuta miyeso iwiri, ndiyo ndege. Kupatula kuti molondola ooneka enieni ndi kutalika kwa zinthu zina zojambulidwa amaoneka kukhala pafupifupi kwambiri.

Koma funso mmene kuwonetsera kwa kanjedza mu ndege ndi momwe iwo zizigwirizana zambiri za chinthu choyambirira, wakhala yofunika kwambiri. Mwa njira ina pothetsa nkhani imeneyi kwathandiza sayansi atsopano otchedwa Masamu. Kapena kani, gawo ake - ofotokoza Masamu.

Apa izo kuphunzira basi mosiyanasiyana ndi ndege, mizere molunjika ndi mfundo komanso ubale wawo kwa wina ndi mzake - onse mu miyeso itatu ndi danga ziwiri ooneka enieni.

njira kutembenuka

Mbali yofunika luso ndi kusonyeza kanjedza fano ndege. Ndipotu mfundo, ndi amaonekera zinthu zitatu ooneka enieni mu ziwiri ooneka enieni. Ndicho, kuipidwa akatembenuka ndi yosavuta, ndiye chinthu kuti ali ndi kutalika, m'lifupi, kutalika ayenera kutanthauziridwa mu ndege.

Ndipo ofotokoza Masamu kuchita zinthu "kusintha" chifukwa ena njira. okwana awo, pali asanu. Apa ndiwo zitatu, ndi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse:

• Kaonedwe (pamene chifaniziro chinthu ndi zichotsedwa danga);
• orthogonal ziyerekezo (ziyerekezo mu kufanana kumene cheza ndi perpendicular kwa ndege);
• oblique ziyerekezo (ziyerekezo mu yomweyi, pamene matabwa amakonda wachibale ndege).

Wokwanira zikuoneka bwino imaged chinthu pa view axonometric (womwenso orthogonal ndi oblique). Koma kwambiri bwino ndi woona, iye ntchito ngati Zimene. Ndipo anali njira pamwamba kwakukulukulu vuto la momwe apange kuwonetsera kanjedza pa ndege.

kaonedwe

Kaonedwe mwa njira zina fano akutenga malo a ulemu. Chifukwa diso la munthu ngati kamera mandala amaona kuti afotokoze mofananamo. Zinthu kutali amatsata, mu kukula kwake kuyang'ana ang'onoang'ono, ndi zina zochepa, kuposa pamene ali pafupi.

Mwachitsanzo, kutenga chifaniziro cha kyubu m'malere. Ngati zoona, onse m'mbali zake ndi kufanana kwa wina ndi mzake, ndiye pamene inu muyang'ana pa chinthu ichi kutali, zingaoneke kuti m'mbali converge (kapena converge) pa nthawi ina. Ndipo, kodi chidwi kwambiri, osati kubwera pamodzi pa nthawi ina ndipo ndi mfundo imodzi mphambano.

Chifukwa cha ambuye wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano: Albrecht Dürer, Piero Della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Leon Battista Alberti, luso ano amadziwa zimenezi mwachindunji liniya imeneyo, mmene kudziwa kutalika kwa kaja ndipo zikutha mfundo.

A otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse namatetule - Leonardo da Vinci - kukangana kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo zokhudzana mlengalenga. Izi chinthu mtundu kusintha mitundu Tayerekezani kusintha makhalidwe ake (kuchepa ngati mtunda wa chinthu).

orthogonal ziyerekezo

Orthogonal otchedwa kufanana ziyerekezo, umene kwa mzere, ndilo perpendicular wachibale ndege. Pa ntchito chabe contours miyeso kukhala sichinasinthe. Ndi, chinthu chimaonetsedwa popanda kukhota.

Kutiganizitsa atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena chinthu monga linakwiriridwa ku mitundu itatu: mbali, kutsogolo ndi pamwamba. Ndipo akuyang'ana pa izo zonse pa nthawi yomweyo, n'zotheka n'kutsamira lingaliro mmene chinthu akuyang'ana mu Volume. Miyeso ya kanjedza kukhala zikutsatiridwa m'chifanizo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena ndi ziwiri ooneka enieni.

oblique ziyerekezo

ziyerekezo Izi lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu subspecies angapo, akuti:

• isometric view;
• dimetric ziyerekezo;
• Trimetric.

Mu koefishienti isometric likakhota 3 nkhwangwa onse (m'litali, m'lifupi, kutalika). Ie kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino pakati nkhwangwa atengedwa awiriawiri madigiri 120. Mu dimetric - 2-olamulira kupotoza ofanana ndi wachitatu ndi osiyana. Ndipo Trimetric onse koefishienti kupotoza (i.e., pa 3 nkhwangwa zonse) ndi chosiyana.

Chiwerengerochi kasinthasintha

Pamene limazungulira kansalu limodzi ndi olamulira wa aliyense wa miyendo iwiri chipani chachitatu (a hypotenuse) pofotokoza mawonekedwe watsopano wotchedwa mbewa zakufa. Ndipo ngati inu atembenuza ndi rectangle (lalikulu) pa imodzi mwa mbali zonse, timapeza yamphamvu ndi. Pamene limazungulira pa semicircle adzakhala dera.

Ndizoonekeratu kuti onsewo ndege pamodzi olamulira ndi timapeza otchedwa kasinthasintha chithunzi.

Chiwerengerochi ndi olamulira rotational. momwe iwo kuyang'ana mu ndege zimadalira Kusinthaku wachibale wawo mlingo diso. Mwachitsanzo, chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi mbali ya yamphamvu ndi zoona, kuimira zotsatirazi. Ndipo ngati inu mutayang'ana pa iwo mu ndege, amaoneka ngati ellipses.

Koma ntchito amakhala ngakhale zovuta kwambiri ngati sanjira wa kanjedza okhudza malo amene iwo amakonda ndege olamulira. Nkofunika kuti contours rotational wa mitembo equidistant kwa olamulira a mtsogolo.

A pang'ono kuwala ndi mthunzi

Yofunika kwambiri kusonyeza zidutswa pa ndege kusewera chiaroscuro. Chifukwa chochuluka chinthu akuonetsedwa analenga osati mwa mizere komanso mwa kugawa woyenerera wa kuunika ndi mthunzi mbali zonse. Ndiyeno izo zikuwoneka voluminous ndithu mu ndege ya padziko ziwiri ooneka enieni.

Choncho, kanjedza kuwonetsera ndege, tanthauzo la kukula, makamaka zolondola anakuta lightness ndi mawanga mdima n'zotheka kuchita chifukwa njira pamwambapa. Ndipo Chofunika, iwo kwenikweni njira zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a nthawi wotifikitsa kutsimikiziridwa.