Lustration - ndichiyani? Lamulo pa lustration. Lustration ku Ukraine

Kusintha kwa ankhanza boma nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi zokhudza ndi ofanana njira milandu ndi accusatory. Mawu akuti "lustration" sizachilendo. Mawu kudziwa ngakhale chathu sichinaphunzitsidwe kwambiri. Koma kodi lustration, ikhala bwinobwino kuti pafupifupi aliyense.

Mbiri ya yatsoka za kayendetsedwe Lustration

Choncho, ku Roma wakale ndi wakale Greece panali mwambo woyeretsa. Mwambo kuchitira makanda kuyeretsedwa mwa nsembe kwa milungu. Zinthu zamakono, kuti: "Lustration - kutanthauza kuti," tikhoza kunena za ndondomeko ya chiyeretso ya magulu osiyanasiyana a boma ku mtundu yeniyeni akuluakulu.

Nthawi zambiri lustration imakhudzanso akuluakulu onse a udindo wapamwamba wa boma, komanso oimira onse lamulo ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Atumiki, oimira wamkulu ndi akuluakulu malamulo, magulu a chitetezo, oweruza ndi apolisi - ndi mndandanda chosakwanira cha a boma mu ulemu umene ntchito mfundo "lustration".

Chifukwa ntchito lustration

The initiators za ndondomeko ndi nthawi yatsopano, kubwera pa ena kusintha (kapena zokhumba) boma. Iwo amayesetsa mu njira iliyonse kusonyeza n'kuwalaulira zonse zikuchitika mu dziko pamaso pawo. Nthawi zambiri anthu a dziko akulimbana "nyota" onse olamulira yoyamba watsopano. Ndipo zilibe kuonjezera kukhulupirika kwa anthu boma latsopanolo, koma pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi njira kusintha kale kovuta.

Choncho, boma latsopano linakhazikitsa lamulo pa lustration, amene n'chakuti mavuto akuluakulu zikhale mu ofesi. Onse amene mwanjira ina nawo kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kupondereza anthu, falsification mfundo zandale ndi mbiri, ndi zina zotero. E., Musalole matupi ulamuliro kukhazikitsa ndi boma latsopano.

Lustration - kubwezera akalambula

Lustration - ndichiyani? Kubwezera akalambula. Umu ndi mmene European ndi American asayansi ena andale, ndi mbiri yakale amati ndondomeko imeneyi. Izo Sizotheka kuti atsimikizire mlandu momveka boma la zolakwa poyerekezera ndi ufulu ndi kumasulika. Nthawi zambiri zokwanira yake kungapezeke "chizindikiro" ntchito, chimene chikuchita ndi nkhani imeneyi, ndipo akuluakulu pali mavuto ambiri.

Ndi nthenda yotaya chidzudzulo akukumana mitengo Czech, imene akuluakulu lustration imachitika atagwa chipani chikominisi. Chiwerengero cha ntchito kwa nzika ndi mayina akuti nawo kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu m'mayiko amenewa anafika lonse ngati kuti yekha gawo loyamba - pamene kulandira chizindikiro - iwo ali kale zosankhidwa m'magulu atatu. Akuluakulu kugwa woyamba amene mlandu zinali, ndipo sanafunikire yachinsinsi; wachiwiri - anthu amene machimo sizinachitike kutsimikiziridwa, koma iwo chinabisidwa mfundo za mgwirizano wake ndi akuluakulu a chitetezo. Ndipo gulu lachitatu kunapezeka kuti anthu amene atilakwira tikuona zinali kovuta chifukwa Pochita ntchito zawo. Nthawi zambiri, poyerekezera ndi akuluakulu izi zazing'ono kuti mlandu, koma gulu inali yaikulu.

Mfundo yofunika ya lustration

Monga tanenera kale, lustration - tanthauzo la akuluakulu misinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya maina omwe akuletsedwa ntchito mu ulamuliro wa anthu. The ndondomeko ambiri anali ku Eastern Europe pambuyo kupasula ulamuliro wa chikominisi. Ngakhale kusiyana njira kuzindikira ophwanya ufulu wa anthu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kunali mfundo zofanana ndi kuiperekeza lustration.

Choyamba, onse States linaweruza ntchito za boma chikominisi, lamulo ka dziko ndi ntchito atolankhani kuti amaumiriza anthu. Kachiwiri lonse nthawi ya ulamuliro wa chikominisi limanenedwa ngati chigawenga. Kuti ndi chenjezo limodzi pa chitukuko cha vuto -. Ndi zaka 1948-1990. Kachitatu, mu mayiko kuchepetsa mwayi kwa akuluakulu akale wa bwana anakhudzidwa osati boma ndi lamulo, komanso sukulu ndi zipembedzo.

malingaliro onse ena zimene lustration mphamvu, anali ndi makhalidwe dziko. Motalikitsa ndi loudest njira lustration anakumana Republic Czech ndi Poland.

Lustration ku Czech Republic

The kugawanika kwa Czechoslovakia mu limati awiri ndi chiwonongeko ulamuliro wa chikominisi anatsogolera chakuti Czech Republic yakhazikitsa mwachilungamo okhwima ndiponso kuchotsa akuluakulu. Choncho lustration - kuti anali kuchita?

Kuyambira mu 1991, Bungwe la Czech Republic Federal anatenga angapo malamulo decommunisation. Makamaka, mmodzi wa iwo - "Pa malamulo a boma chikominisi" - anaganiza kuti udindo chilichonse chimene chachitika mu nthawi unawonongedwa mu Czechoslovakia uli pa Party Communist ndi utsogoleri wake. Iwo mlandu osati za kasamalidwe chuma ulamuliro dziko ndi lamulo la zokomera onse, komabe akazitape mabuku pa wina ndi mzake.

"Softness" misa lustration ku Czech Republic

Chifukwa cha yachinsinsi kanthu kakusintha anthu oposa 140 000 - .. Akuluakulu a maudindo onse, oweruza, rectors mayunivesite, atsogoleri a mabungwe kafukufuku, etc. Mwamsanga pamene chizindikiro chimodzi kapena mkulu wina, iye anali pomwepo anachotsedwa ntchito zawo (ngati iyo inali ntchito ya m'boma) ndi komiti chisawawa kuyambitsa review mu ulemu wa munthu ameneyo. Malinga ndi dongosolo anakhazikitsa, cheke si kuposa miyezi iwiri amayenera kuchitidwa, koma nthawi kuchedwa kwa miyezi sikisi kapena kuposa.

Ngati Committee anali wokhoza kuti atsimikizire mlandu wa munthu, kapena tumphuka mfundo za mgwirizano wake n'zotheka ndi asilikali a chitetezo, iye akumanidwa mwayi kuti udindo waukulu ku nyumba zonse zaboma kwa zaka 5. Ndi chifukwa ngati "chilango" njira Czech lustration ndipo amatchedwa zofewa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira lustration

Ngakhale chilungamo zako zonse, zimene boma latsopano adafuna udindo 1996 utsogoleri kwa obwera onse sikokwanira. Choncho, ngakhale anthu a boma latsopano demokalase anayamba kumwa ndondomeko lustration kuti n'chongoletsa otsutsa ndale.

Izo mpaka anafika Vatslavu Gavelu, amene anali woyamba pulezidenti wa Czech Republic ndi kunamizira kumbuyo ulamuliro de A-communization ndi mphamvu. Mu miyala ya State Security anapeza file pa iye, mmenemo, kukambirana wina ndi nthumwi za akuluakulu a Havel amatchedwa "wakonzekera zotheka chifukwa cha mgwirizano."

Kale mu 1996, ku dziŵani ndi owona m'makawundula awo, ngati, mu yachokera, aliyense akanakhoza ndi Czechs. Koma popeza anali ndi "mavumbulutso zankhanza" ndipo ofufuza za lustration kuti kwambiri amanenanso za fallacy a ndondomeko imeneyi, zoletsa zina pa Kuwulura zokhudza atolankhani, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi yunivesite kuyamba.

Lustration ku Poland

Polish "Umodzi" kayendedwe anatenga ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera mphamvu manja wa chikominisi. Zimangooneka mwamtendere kwambiri ndi lamulo. Boma latsopano walonjeza ndi inviolability wa mamembala a Party Communist ndi chitetezo. Komabe, kwakukulu okonda oimira "Umodzi" Pofuna kupeza mwayi pazipita boma akufuna kuyambitsa chilango cha ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa chikominisi mu mawonekedwe a m'ndende.

bwana sanali anavomera, koma mtsinje wa kudzudzula anzake chinali chachikulu chotero kuti ndondomeko kwenikweni chinapululutsa dziko. Chifukwa, ndi Polish Sejm anatengera lamulo lustration, imene bwalo la akuluakulu okha okha ndi atumiki, akuluakulu okalamba, ziwanga ndi oweruza. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuchita udindo ndi utsogoleri, anagwira boma anali poyera alape machimo ndikulandira chikhululukiro kwa anthu ntchito mu ulamuliro chikominisi. Poyambirira, za izo.

Chachikulu padzuwa la akuluakulu latsopano

Ndi 2007, Poland chinapululutsa zoipa zikuluzikulu. Pambuyo Kuwulura zikalata zakale anapita wachiwiri Nduna Yanushu Tomashevskomu, lodziwika bwino womenya ufulu wa anthu Abimeleki Walesa, Aleksandru Kvasnevskomu (chiwiri pulezidenti wa Poland) ndi ena ambiri odziwika andale Polish ndi zithunzi pagulu.

Mu 2006, Polish Sejm anatengera kusinthidwa kwa lamulo lustration, malinga ndi umene osiyanasiyana anthu amene zochita pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa chipani cha Communist ankavutika anthu. Atolankhani, maphunziro ndi yunivesiteyo, atsogoleri a masukulu ndi akuluakulu ena aang'ono anali kugonjera lustration kulengeza pamene kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kukumana cheke kukachitika kuti pa nthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusinthidwa kale wotanganidwa positi. Kachiwiri chidzudzulo otaya wakula mpaka itafika zachitika kuti Constitutional Court anayenera Poland mu 2007 kuzindikira angapo kusinthidwa awa, oletsedwa.

Last kumuyalutsa, kupereka yankho la funso "lustration - kuti" itayamba mu 2007 mu chiwerengero cha Mpingo wa Katolika. malo ake a Metropolitan wa Warsaw anauzidwa kuti achoke Stanisław Wielgus, amene chinabisidwa nthawi kuyankhulana mu Vatican mgwirizano wake ndi Polish boma matupi chitetezo 70s lapansi.

Lustration ayenera mainstreamed ku madera onse a moyo wa munthu, koma mokoma ndi zinthu zimene anthu zochita.

Lustration mu malo pambuyo Soviet

mayiko anaumba Soviet Union, ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1991, Yehova komanso ankakonda ananena kuti lustration, lomwe kufunika kwambiri overrated, n'kofunikira.

Mu Russia ndi Ukraine mobwerezabwereza anayesa kuyambitsa lustration, koma palibe Bill sanali atsopano. Mu Russia, mlingo wa polima ngati gawo la konzanso wa anazunzidwa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa chilamulo, chimene oweruza onse ndi akuluakulu nawo kupondereza, anawatengera bwalo. Komabe, kufalikira wapadera mchitidwewu sapezeka, ndi onse anayesa wotsatira pa akuluakulu lustration sanalandire thandizo.

Mu Georgia, ku Communist ndi Nazi zizindikiro inaletsedwa pa lustration. Chifukwa malo ofunika sanawalole anthu amene kale ndodo ziwalo chitetezo ndi ntchito za kwa Party Communist.

Lustration mu Baltic States

Wamkulu kumveka lustration anafika ku maiko Baltic. Mu Estonia Mwachitsanzo, lamulo amapereka kuyimbidwa kwa anthu nawo misa kupondereza nthawi ya ulamuliro wachikomyunizimu. Latvia ndi Lithuania ndi mtima wokhulupirika kwa kale kwa anthu awo, koma pano malamulo zogwirizana muzingochita kupeza mphamvu chikumbumtima anathandizana ndi asilikali a chitetezo a Soviet Union. Komabe, monga ku Ulaya, iwo anali pofuna kubwezera adani ake payekha - mawu akuti "sadziwa mgwirizano" ndi mabuku kwambiri, choncho mlandu munthu alibe ndalama chilichonse.

Ukraine ndi kulimbana chiyero cha akuluakulu

"Lustration ku Ukraine zizichitidwa yomweyo!" Izo zinali zolembedwa ndi zionetsero si ulimi choyamba. Choyamba kwambiri anayamba kulankhula za lustration pambuyo "Orange utasintha" cha 2004.

Ndiye, mu Verkhovna Rada anawalemba yomweyo 2 bilu pa lustration. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, lustration ayenera kuchitidwa ndi awo nawo mu ulamuliro wa boma, kupatula Pulezidenti ndi yoyendetsa ntchito za lake. Biloyi wina, ufulu kwa aliyense amene mwachindunji kapena ayi kugwirizana ndi KGB wa USSR.

Chivomerezocho wa anthu Chiyukireniya kukhululukira

Ngakhale ndiye kapena tsopano palibe Bill sanali atsopano. Akatswiri (akatswiri asayansi ndale, ndi zina zotero. P.), Lustration ku Ukraine n'zosathekadi, T. Kwa. Mabungwe The kwambiri akufuna kubwezera ndi silingakhale sali mbali iliyonse komanso akuluakulu.

Ziyeneretso za "wogwirizira boma" Anthu a Maidan mu 2014, makamaka, ikuti zofunika ofuna ndi: kusalakwa kwa olamulira, kuyambira 2010; othandiza zinachitikira zaka zosachepera 5 maudindo akuluakulu mu T H ndi boma ..; kusalakwa kwa 100 olemera anthu Ukraine , ndi zina zotero. N.

Monga wa April 9, 2014 mu Verkhovna Rada la Ukraine kale mayina 4 bilu yokhudza kukonza a magulu osiyanasiyana a boma Chiyukireniya - ndi njira monga oweruza lustration, atumiki akuluakulu boma ndi ang'ono, alonda yazamalamulo, ndi zina zotero ..