Yoyenera kuvota ndi dongosolo la masankho a Federation ndi Russian

Mmodzi wa andale, makhalidwe amene pali malamulo ndi malangizo amene kudziwa chiŵerengero cha mabwana mphamvu zokonza malamulo amene walandiridwa kapena akwaniritsa umayenda - ndi poyela za Russian Federation, amene amalenga inayake mphamvu, yokonzekera, ndipo amaonetsetsa nawo lonse la anthu polenga, kutchukitsa ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu ya boma. Ngati chisankho ikuchitikira bwinobwino ndipo zotsatira akuzindikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri, zikunenedwa kuti anthu amatha kuthetsa ndale njira mtendere mavuto onse.

zigawo

Mu dongosolo zake, poyela la Chitaganya cha Russia lili m'zigawo ziwiri. Izi koposa zonse, lamanja kuvota - ndi malamulo pa ndondomeko kusankha kumene chabe (kuti osankhidwa) ndi yogwira kumanja (ndale, za ufulu wa nzika kuti asankhe). Komanso, pali zochita zambiri ndi malamulo masankho kuti zonse masankho ofuna yokha. Chachiwiri, chigawo chachikulu cha dongosolo masankho ndi masankho ofuna - wonse osiyanasiyana zochita zosiyana pa gulu la masankho, kugwiritsa iwo.

Othandiza gulu mfundo zochokera m'chilamulo visankho ndipo ali masiteji zingapo zofunika za ndondomeko zawo: tsiku kusankhidwa, zigawo maphunziro siteshoni loponya pa visola, mapangidwe a mabungwe kusankha, ndipo - Chofunika - ndi nomination ofuna, kulembetsa awo, Kuvota ndiyeno mwachidule zotsatira za kukhazikitsidwa. The poyela la Chitaganya cha Russia ukugwira ntchito monga anthu a chiwembu. Onse a lamakono ndi dongosolo voti umagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto, chisankho dziko - chisankho aphungu ndi Pulezidenti akutsatiridwa ndi oyang'anira mzindawo ndipo potsiriza, kuti m'boma.

mitundu

The poyela la Chitaganya cha Russia imathandizanso mchitidwe komanso mitundu ina ya chisankho, izo zimatengera pa mlingo wa boma, amene panopa kupangidwa. Pali mitundu itatu: poyela ambiri, wosakaniza ndi njila.

1. ambiri mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya ambiri, mwachitsanzo phungu kuwina amene anali lembani mavoti ambiri kuposa ena. Yoyenera kuvota ndi dongosolo la masankho a Federation ndi Russian kuzindikira ambiri mtheradi (peresenti makumi asanu kuphatikiza voti imodzi) ndi wachibale (monga kuposa mdani wa). Ngati ambiri mtheradi si yagoletsa palibe, kusankha adzapatsidwa pa kubwera kwachiwiri kwa kukavota, umene kupikisana ofuna awiri amene apeza mavoti ambiri. Ndi kwa dongosolo chotero, amasankhidwa pulezidenti. Mu 2012, atsogoleri a m'madera a ku Russia anayambiranso kupita mphamvu mwachindunji otchuka voti, koma mu 2013 pulezidenti akufuna kusinthidwa kuti anatengedwa, ndipo tsopano kwa abwanamkubwa a Nyumba ya Malamulo voti.

2. ufulu kuti azivota ndi dongosolo la masankho a Federation ndi Russian wagwiritsa ntchito mfundo Kugwirizana mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mipando aphungu malinga ndi chiwerengero cha mavoti zopezera chisankho pa mndandanda phwando, ndipo gulu lililonse linali ndi nambala inayake ya mipando mu yamalamulo, amene masamu chiwerengero cha mipando kuti chipani analandira aliyense aphungu a . Kotero mu Russian State Duma anapanga nyumba zamalamulo dera mpaka 2011. Mu 2007, pakhomo masankho analeredwa, kuchotsa ndime "anthu onse" ndipo m'munsi pakhomo la turnout oponya mavoti, chipani sakanakhoza kupanga atilakwira. Tsopano, pambuyo 2011, zonse zinali zosiyana, pafupifupi akuchita wachitatu tsopano, dongosolo - payokha.

Obwerawa poyela Akuluakulu a ku Russia mu 2016

State Duma chisankho mu 2011 anali omaliza, pamene yamalamulo feduro zapita maphwando anayi okha amene oimira zinali m'nyumba apansi convocation wachisanu. Ndi Party Communist "United Russia", LDPR ndi "Fair Russia". Palibe magulu ena sanathe kuwoloka chotchinga cha 5-7% ya mavoti onse. Kukula kwa dongosolo masankho a Federation ndi Russian zikusonyeza kuti tipitirize kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chisankho njila-majoritarian, monga chinachitika mu 2016. Izi kugwirizana mwachilungamo kusintha mitundu kachitidwe masankho, yabwino chisankho cha ina ulamuliro wopondereza.

theka la akuluakulu a anasankhidwa mu umodzi-lamulo oyendetsera dziko lino (ambiri dongosolo ambiri wachibale), theka lachiwiri - dongosolo njila ndi peresenti asanu chotchinga chigawo masankho umodzi. The malamulo panopa n'kukulemberani mu maphwando yamalamulo kuti asankhe ofuna pulezidenti wa Russia, osatenga anasaina, ndipo izi anasonkhanitsa khumi ndi zinayi. Maphwando kulandira maperesenti oposa atatu ya mavoti onse anaphunzira chiwerengero maudindo ndi ubwino vmeset ndi chikuonetseratu mwachindunji kuti chisankho chotsatira ku State Duma. Koma magawo atatu palibe yagoletsa, nakhalabe pa helm pamwambapa ali yemweyo maphwando anayi.

Dongosolo la mabungwe zisankho la Russia

Collegial matupi palokha, amene anapanga, motero, malamulo masankho, kusintha ndi kuonetsetsa likhale chisankho paliponse ndi referendums - ndi komishoni chisankho. Iwo sadalira boma kapena ndi makonsolo, kuchita chawo (mu akuluakulu mchitidwe nthawi pafupifupi kulowerera mu zochita zawo).

Dongosolo la mabungwe zisankho la Russia ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi sakanikira. CEC - Commission zisankho chapakati - anapatsidwa kutsogolera dongosolo lonse, mozama pa maziko yothandizira ndi bungwe chisankho pa mlingo la feduro. Malamulo lamulo dongosolo masankho a Federation ndi Russian kwathunthu mmanja ake. X ndi RF - komishoni chisankho m'madera a dziko - komanso ntchito mosalekeza ndi kuwonjezera nawo m'gulu la chisankho pa mlingo la feduro, kwathunthu kugwiritsa chisankho mu zigawo (akuluakulu opanga malamulo). komishoni chisankho Kupititsa kukhalapo mu mizinda yambiri, komanso chigawo ndi precinct.

mfundo

Pamene tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo masankho yokha ya Russian Federation, mfundo, mitundu m'pofunika kukhala pa mfundo za zochita zake. Choyamba, izo atathana zofunika chiyambi m'munsi mwa limagwirira lonse la lamulo malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a enshrined mu Constitution, kuti osankhidwa ndi kuvota mu ziwalo za boma mphamvu ndi makonsolo wodzilamulira. Mfundo za machitidwe a dongosolo visankho ziziperekedwa monga muyezo wa kumbali, zochita malamulo ofuna, adzaponye chisanko, makomiti ndi mayanjano - onse nawo chisankho.

Chifukwa ife ntchito osiyana mitundu ya kachitidwe masankho la Chitaganya cha Russia, ayenera kukhala bwinobwino kuteteza ufulu wa nzika. Mwalamulo enshrine mfundo za ufulu wa ndale wa Russian Constitution, malemba a Federation ndi, malamulo, ndi malamulo wa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Pali anthu amaona magulu awiri mfundo kwa lamulo ubale masankho: makhalidwe nawo chisankho cha ku Russia ndi mfundo zokhudza makamaka pa kayendetsedwe ka chisankho ndi khalidwe lawo.

wa gulu

Mfundo mbali Russian nzika 'mu masankho kugwirizana kwambiri mfundo za kukhazikitsa ndi ochititsa ufulu zotengera malingaliridwe a adzaponye chisanko. Yoyenera kuvota ayenera kukhala mwachindunji, wofanana ndi chilengedwe nawo chisankho adzaponye chisanko - zaufulu kukavota - chinsinsi. Mu kukhalapo kwa Russian Constitution siliyankha wotetezedwa aliyense wa mfundo zimenezi, koma n'chakuti zonsezi Article 81, zokhudzana ndi chisankho cha Pulezident. Choncho, chofunika kwambiri ndi Article 3 lamulo la feduro pa ukutitsimikizira ufulu wa adzaponye chisanko, amene amathandiza chifukwa chotenga zaufulu ndi afulu mu masankho, nzika zonse za Russia, ndi patsinde ndi chinsinsi voti ndi ufulu chilengedwe mwachindunji ndi ofanana.

Mfundo za dongosolo visankho la Chitaganya cha Russia amapereka patsogolo othandiza konsekonse, kumene amaganiza kuti nzika iliyonse pansi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu adzakhala ndi ufulu osankhidwa akuluakulu boma m'dera wodzilamulira. Komanso akhoza osankhidwa, nawo malamulo onse chinanena komanso kuchita malinga ndi lamulo la zochitika visola. Ufuluwu sikudalira mtundu, kapena wamkazi, chiyankhulo, dziko chiyambi, boma kapena udindo chuma, chipembedzo, malo okhala, membala mayanjano anthu, zikhulupiriro ndi zinthu zina. Pa izi ndi akuitana padziko lonse dongosolo Russian visola.

Referendum Akuluakulu a ku Russia

Referendum amatchedwa voti m'dzikolo pa ngongole ndi nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri ndi boma. Izi ndi chimodzimodzi chisankho - chimaonetsera ndi yosavuta mphamvu anthu - kuti ndi zosiyana. The poyela la Chitaganya cha Russia si chisankho kunena mphamvu, iyo inali iye amene bungwe ndipo amachititsa referendums umene umachitika kwathunthu m'dera la Russia, mu mphambano iliyonse ya izo, molemekeza chinsinsi pa maziko a Mawu mwachindunji chilengedwe chifuniro ndi ufulu wofanana. Aliyense referendum ali voti imodzi yokha.

nzika A zitha kuvota mu referendums panokha nawo mfulu kwathunthu, ndipo simungathe kudziletsa chifuniro. Pa referendum ndi kosatheka kukakamiza nzika kufotokoza zikhulupiriro zawo, ndipo simungathe kukakamiza kuti asiye maganizo ake. Kukonzekera ndi kumalo a chochitika ikuchitika komishoni chisankho, mabungwe boma m'dera wodzilamulira. M'zochita zawo zonse imachitika m'njira mandala.

Chimango malamulo

Institute for Development wa Russian System Federation zisankho (Iris) - bungwe anthu, ndi omwe si a boma ndi omwe si a ndale, ntchito pamalo pa kudzaza zosowa za anthu ena mfundo za demokalase. Kuti pali odious kwambiri kukhudzana m'munda wa ufulu wa ndale wa ku Russia. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti padziko lonse yoyenera kuvota sizitanthauza pakalibe yosaloledwa nawo nzika za chisankho. Lamulo ali ndi mndandanda wautali ziyeneretso, unakhazikitsidwa mu lamulo, limene okha ufulu kukavota nzika aliyense payekha zifukwa zina.

Yotsalidwa chigawo ziyeneretso izi, ndithudi, chifukwa iwo tizikhala n'cholinga ya mtundu wina: makonzedwe a nawo chidwi ndi zambiri mu chisankho popanda nkhanza ufulu visola. The kukavota zaka ndi nzika woyamba pa mndandanda. pulezidenti sangakhoze osankhidwa ndi munthu amene si koma zaka sate-faifi, ndi kazembe State Duma sangakhale anthu pansi zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Koma palibe m'badwo pazipita anapereka. Nzika chofunika amangonena za othandiza chabe. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti sangakhale munthu amene akukhala m'dziko la osachepera zaka khumi.

Kodi nawo chisankho

Lamulo pa chisankho amatchula zinthu zina muzingochita yoyenera kuvota nzika ufulu onse ambiri, komanso zigawo chabe ndi yogwira izo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amene ali m'malo a walekana ndi ufulu, amene ntchito kwa chiweruziro, ndi bwalo anapeza wosadziŵa. Limited mphamvu mwalamulo nawo chisankho kungakhale. Sanalole chisankho kuti m'deralo wodzilamulira monga adzaponye chisanko anthu amene ali pa udindo mu mabungwe asilikali, mabungwe ndi mayunitsi asilikali ili m'malire a boma, ngati asilikali ndi asilikali nawo malo okhala.

Sangakhoze zosankhidwa nzika omwe ndi nzika za dziko lina, nyumba chilolezo kapena chikalata ina kutsimikizira lamanja la kukhazikikamo dziko lina la nzika. Sitingakhoze kutenga boma nsanamira munthu, ngati poyerekezera kuti pali chisankho khoti kumuchititsa za ufulu umenewu, adatsutsika zolakwa lalikulu ndipo kwambiri kapena kale mlandu, kuweruzidwa ndi asanapite mlandu chifukwa monyanyira, komanso zinthu zina zambiri. Izo sizingakhoze osankhidwa mutsogoleli wa anthu, Iye akupatsa udindo uwu mawu ziwiri mosalekeza.

zoletsa zina

Pamaziko la Constituion, malamulo boma, malamulo a Federation kapena boma ndi zoletsa zina anakhazikitsa kuti zingathandize munthu kukhala ndi udindo anthu okha anapereka chiwerengero cha mawu zotsatizana mu ofesi. udindo MP sangathe pamodzi ndi ntchito za polojekiti zomwe. MP akhoza kusankhidwa, koma patapita nthawi iye ayenera kusiya zinthu zimene sayenera pamodzi ndi udindo watsopano. Ufulu ndi ufulu nzika 'ali kugamulidwa ndi lamulo boma kokha kufika chimene chili chofunika kwa chitetezo dongosolo malamulo, thanzi, makhalidwe, ufulu ndi zofuna yovomerezeka anthu, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha dziko ndi chitetezo cha boma.

Oletsa nzika kuti akwanilitse zolinga izi anasonyeza m'chilamulo masankho, amene uli mu Constitution malamulo panopa. Kwenikweni lamulo limeneli zimawonedwa. Ngati boma adzalola nzika sangathenso Mwachitsanzo, kupanga phwando ndipo kutenga mbali mu ndondomeko ya dziko, ndiye kuti State yokha Kungakhalenso yawo, motero kuvumbula ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndi chitetezo cha nzika za amene ananena mu Constitution. mabuku Scientific m'malo akuti "chiletso" nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Choyenereza", ngakhale kuti yemweyo, mawu okhawo "Choyenereza" Nthawi zambiri ntchito zochitika zakale, monga iwo amati lero za zofooka za lamulo masankho, amene anayambitsa osati pa mfundo sayansi, koma pamaziko a malamulo. Makiyi ali nzika nawo chisankho pa maziko ofanana ndi Mbali zofanana (kwa mfundo malamulo akunena, kumene).