Makampani oyendetsa ndege ku Russia. Mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha mayendedwe amtundu wapadziko lonse

Kukula kwachuma kwa dera kulikonse kumadalira kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka Ndipo apa magalimoto oyendetsa ndege padziko lonse ndi ofunika kwambiri. Amagwirizanitsa maiko osiyanasiyana, kupereka chuma chawo, chikhalidwe chawo ndi sayansi ndi luso logwirizana. Koma kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kadziko lonse sikopindulitsa phindu pompano pano. Ichi ndi chitsimikizo cha chitetezo ndi chitukuko chitukuko cha boma kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.

M'nkhani ino tikambirana za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe

Zokwerera zamtundu wapadziko lonse - ndi chiyani?

Pansi pa mawu akuti "mayiko oyendetsa magalimoto padziko lonse" (kapena, mwachidule, ITC) amadziwika ngati njira yovuta yopititsira katundu yomwe imayikidwa motsatira njira yofunikira kwambiri yamagalimoto. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza mitundu yake - galimoto, sitimayi, nyanja, ndiipi.

Monga momwe chiwonetsero chikuwonetsera, mayendedwe amtundu wapadziko lonse amagwiritsidwa bwino ntchito m'madera amodzi a zachuma. Makomiti aakulu kwambiri a ITC lero akuwonekera kumadera a ku Ulaya (makamaka ku Eastern ndi Central Europe). Izi, makamaka, zinalimbikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi mayiko a EU a ndondomeko yatsopano yobweretsera mu 2005. Chofunika kwambiri mu lingaliro latsopanoli chinaperekedwa ku njira zoyendetsa nyanja.

Kupanga kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka katundu kumakhala kofunikira panthaŵi yomwe zoyenera pakugulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi zinakula kwambiri. Makonzedwe oterowo, monga lamulo, ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kayendetsedwe ka katundu ndi katundu wa dziko lonse kapena dera lonselo.

Udindo ndi mtengo wa ITC

Kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zoyendetsa magalimoto kumafunika osati pokhapokha pakuwona malonda. Pambuyo pake, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka dziko sichimangobweretsa phindu basi. Zimathandizanso kukula ndi chitukuko cha asilikali, mafakitale, nthambi za sayansi. Kuwonjezera apo, ITC imathandizira kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa zowonongeka za madera omwe amapita.

M'mayiko ambiri otukuka, nkhani ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chitetezo ndi chitetezo cha chinyamuliro imayikidwa pampando waukulu kwambiri. Russia, nayenso, iyenera kutengera chitsanzo kuchokera kwa iwo mu mbali iyi.

Ntchito zazikulu za ITC

Kodi ntchito zazikuluzikulu za kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka mayiko padziko lonse ndi ziti? Zitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:

1. Kupereka njira yabwino, yodalirika komanso yabwino kwa onse omwe ali nawo mu ubale.
2. Kupereka "milatho" yapadera, mwayi wochita malonda okhudzana ndi malonda pakati pa mayiko.
3. Kugwira nawo ntchito yopanga chitetezo cha asilikali cha mayiko ndi madera onse.

Pamapeto pake, tifunika kukhala mwatsatanetsatane. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chitetezo cha asilikali cha gawo lililonse popanda chodalira chimadalira kwambiri kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka galimoto. Mmawu osavuta: misewu yowonjezereka ya boma, sitima zapamtunda ndi magalimoto, malo oyenda panyanja ndi maulendo a ndege - ndizosavuta kupanga bungwe la chitetezo, zida zonyamulira, zida zankhondo, ndi zida zankhondo ngati zida zankhondo zakunja.

Njira zamakonzedwe zamtundu wapadziko lonse ku Ulaya ndi Asia

Njira zotsatirazi zoyendetsa magalimoto zikhoza kusankhidwa ngati ITC yofunika kwambiri m'dera la Eurasian:

• MTC North-South, yomwe ikuphimba mayiko a Scandinavia , madera a Central ndi Eastern Europe, mbali ya Ulaya ya Russia, chigawo cha Caspian, ndi mayiko a South Asia.
• Sitima ya Trans-Siberian (kapena MTC Transsib) ndiyo njira yofunika kwambiri kudutsa m'mayiko ambiri a ku Russia ndi kugwirizanitsa mayiko a Central Europe ndi China, Kazakhstan ndi peninsula ya Korea. Lili ndi nthambi zingapo ku Kiev, St. Petersburg, Ulan Bator.
• MTC No. 1 (pan-European) - imagwirizanitsa mizinda yofunika ya Baltic - Riga, Kaliningrad ndi Gdańsk.
• MTC No. 2 (Pan-European) - imagwirizanitsa mizinda monga Minsk, Moscow ndi Nizhny Novgorod. M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kupitiliza ku Yekaterinburg.
• MTC No. 9 (pan-European) - imagwirizanitsa Helsinki, likulu la kumpoto kwa Russia - St. Petersburg, Moscow ndi Kiev.

Mitengo yonse yamtundu wamakono imakhala ndi mayina awo - zizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, MTK "North-South" imapatsidwa chiwerengero cha NS, "Transsib" - TS ndi zina zotero.

Ndondomeko ya ITC ya ku Russia

MTC zingapo zimadutsa m'dziko lathu. Choncho, njira zofunikira kwambiri zoyendetsa dziko lonse ku Russia ndi Njira ya Kumpoto ya Kumpoto, Kampani Yoyendetsa Mitundu Yoyamba, 1 ndi Compmor'e-2 Complex International Complex.

Njira yoyendetsa, yotchedwa Northern Route Route, ikugwirizanitsa mizinda yofunika kwambiri ya Russia - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk ndi Dudinka. Lili ndi mayina apadziko lonse - SMP.

MTC Primorye-1 imadutsa ku Harbin, Vladivostok, Nakhodka ndikupita ku madoko ofunikira a Pacific.

MTK Primorje-2 imagwirizanitsa mizinda ya Hunchun, Kraskino, Zarubino komanso amapita ku madoko a East Asia.

Makampani Oyendetsa Zamtundu Wadziko lonse ku Russia: Mavuto ndi Zopindulitsa Zokonza

M'dziko lamakono pali mitengo itatu yamphamvu yopititsa patsogolo chuma: North America, Europe ndi East Asia. Ndipo Russia, pokhala malo abwino pakati pa mitengoyi yofunika kwambiri, iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi umenewu ndikuyendetsa kayendedwe kawirikawiri m'deralo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi dziko lathu lomwe liyenera kulumikizana malo awa a dziko ndi makonzedwe opititsa patsogolo komanso amakono.

Russia ili ndi mphamvu yotenga pafupifupi pafupifupi magalimoto onse a Eurasian akuyenda. Akatswiri amaneneratu kuti pokonzanso kukonzanso kayendetsedwe ka zinyumba, izi zikhoza kuchitika pasanathe zaka 15-20. Ku Russia, pali zinthu zonsezi: dera lamtunda wa sitima, njinga zamtunda, kuyenda kwa mitsinje yambiri ya zombo. Komabe, kuyendetsa bwino kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka katundu sikuphatikizapo kukula kwa gridi yonyamula katundu, komanso kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake, komanso kayendedwe ka chitetezo.

Chidaliro chachikulu ku Russia ndi kulengedwa kwa otchedwa MTC East-West, chofunika kwambiri choyendetsa galimoto chomwe chingagwirizanitse Ulaya ndi Japan. Sitima yapamtunda ya Trans-Siberia yotchedwa Trans-Siberian Railway ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko a maulendo onse oyendetsa sitima zapamtunda ndi nthambi za sitima kupita kumapiri a kumpoto kwa Russia.

Monga momwe chiwerengero cha zaka zaposachedwapa chikusonyezera, kubwezeretsa malonda pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi mayiko a East Asia (poyamba, Japan ndi South Korea) yakula kuposa maulendo asanu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, katundu wambiri pakati pa zigawozi amanyamula nyanja. Choncho, njira yamtunda yonyamula katundu ingakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yopita ku nyanja. Koma chifukwa cha izi, akuluakulu a boma la Russia ayenera kuchita khama komanso chuma.

MTK "North-South"

Mtsinje wadziko lonse "North-South" umapereka mgwirizano pakati pa maiko a Baltic ndi India ndi Iran. Mndandanda wa makonzedwe amtunduwu ndi: NS.

Mpikisano waukulu wa makonzedwe ameneŵa ndi njira yoyendetsa galimoto kupyola mu Suez Canal. Komabe, MTK "North-South" ili ndi ubwino wambiri. Choyamba, njira iyi yapamtunda ikufupika kawiri ndi mtunda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kunyamula katundu ndi njirayi ndi wotchipa.

Masiku ano Kazakhstan ikugwira ntchito mwakhama mu msewuwu. Dziko likugwiritsa ntchito ilo kutumiza katundu wake wogulitsa kunja (makamaka chimanga) ku mayiko a Persian Gulf. Chiwerengero chonse cha makonzedwe amenewa chikuwonetsedwa kuti ndi katundu wokwana matani 25 miliyoni pachaka.

MTK "North-South" ikuphatikizapo nthambi zitatu zazikulu:

• Trans-Caspian - imagwirizanitsa madoko a Olya, Makhachkala ndi Astrakhan;
• Kum'mawa - ndi kugwirizana kwa sitima zapamtunda za mayiko a Central Asia ndi Iran;
• Kumadzulo - kudutsa mu mzere wa Astrakhan - Samur - Astara (kudzera mu Makhachkala).

Pan-European ITC nambala 1

Njira yamagalimoto yopangira mafuta ku Central ndi Eastern Europe inatchedwa Pan-European. Imaphatikizapo maulendo khumi padziko lonse. Anatchedwa "PE" ndi Kuwonjezera kwa chiwerengero china (kuchokera ku I mpaka X).

Malo oyendetsa sitima zam'dziko la Pacific-1 akudutsa m'madera asanu ndi limodzi: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia ndi Poland. Kutalika kwake konse ndi makilomita 3285 (a 1655 km) pamtunda wa makilomita ndi 1,630 km - ndi njanji).

Pan-European ITC No. 1 ikugwirizanitsa zikuluzikulu zapamwamba za ku Ulaya kwa wina ndi mzake: Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas ndi Warsaw. M'mphepete mwa makilomita oyendetsa galimotoyi ndi ma ndege asanu ndi limodzi ndi madoko 11. Mbali ya izo imadutsa kudutsa Russia, mkati mwa dera la Kaliningrad, ndipo ili ndi doko lalikulu la Baltic - mzinda wa Kaliningrad.

Pan-European ITC nambala 2

Mu 1994, msonkhano wapadera wa zoyendetsa ulendowo unachitikira pa chilumba cha Krete, chomwe chinadziwika bwino kwambiri za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake kameneka. Zimaphatikizapo njira khumi zosiyana.

Bungwe la Pan-European International Corridor-2 limagwirizanitsa Central Europe ndi gawo la Ulaya la Russia. Amadutsa kudera la maiko anayi. Ndi Germany, Poland, Belarus ndi Russian Federation. Malo oyendetsa magalimoto akugwirizanitsa mizinda ikuluikulu monga Berlin, Poznan, Warsaw, Brest, Minsk, Moscow ndi Nizhny Novgorod.

Pomaliza ...

Choncho, kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka Kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa makonzedwe oterewa kumayendetsa zolinga osati zachuma chabe, komanso chikhalidwe, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi zankhondo.