Cars, Magalimoto
Makinawa Kufala - momwe ntchito? kusintha modes, ndi ulamuliro zodziwikiratu
Masiku ano anthu ambiri oyendetsa galimoto, komanso ngakhale oyendetsa galimoto, amadzipangira okha galimoto ndi kutumiza kwadzidzidzi. Oyamba, monga lamulo, nthawi zambiri amawopsya chifukwa chosowa kusinthana magalimoto akuyendetsa galimoto, koma madalaivala odziwa bwino amadziyesa okha kuthekera kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka galimoto yomwe imakhala ndi mauthenga opatsirana. Koma pamene watsopano akugula galimoto yake, nthawi zambiri samadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito "makina". Mwamwayi, izi sizikuphunzitsidwa poyendetsa sukulu, ndipo pambuyo pake, chitetezo cha kayendetsedwe ka moyo ndi moyo wa makina a magetsi amadalira izi. Tiyeni tiwone momwe kuli kofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotumizira yowonongeka kuti isakhale ndi mavuto m'tsogolomu.
Mitundu ya kutumiza kwachangu
Musatiuzeni momwe mungayendetse galimoto yowonongeka, muyenera kuganizira mitundu ya magetsi omwe opanga magalimoto amakono. Kuchokera mu mtundu umene ili kapena bokosi lina liri, zimadaliranso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.
Wotembenuza mwamphamvu
Izi ndizo zowonjezereka komanso zotchuka. Mitundu ya Hydrotransformer yatsirizika kwambiri magalimoto ambiri omwe apangidwa tsopano. Zinali ndi mapangidwe awa ndipo zinayamba kusuntha kupita kwa anthu ambiri.
Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kutembenuka kwawotchi sikunali gawo lenileni la kusintha. Ntchito yake ndi kabati m'bokosi lakuti "mwachindunji", mwachitsanzo, torter converter imatulutsa nthunzi kuchokera injini kupita kumawilo pothandizira makinawo.
Injini ndi mawonekedwe a "makina opanga okha" alibe maubwenzi okhwima ndi wina ndi mnzake. Mphamvu ya mavalo imafalikira kudzera mwa mafuta apadera opatsirana - imazungulira nthawi zonse pamsewu wotsekedwa pansi pa kuthamanga kwakukulu. Njira imeneyi imalola injiniyo ndi magalimoto omwe amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati galimoto ikuima.
Ma hydraulic system, kapena m'malo hydroblock, ndi amene amachititsa kusintha, koma izi ndizochitika. Masiku ano, njira zoyendetsera ntchito zimadziwika ndi zamagetsi. Kotero, bokosi lamasewera lingagwire ntchito moyenera, masewera kapena ndalama.
Mbali yamakina ya mabokosi amenewa ndi odalirika komanso okonzeka kukonzanso. The hydroblock ndi malo osatetezeka. Ngati ma valve sakugwira bwino, dalaivala adzakumana ndi zotsatira zosasangalatsa. Koma pakuchitika kugulitsidwa m'masitolo muli mbali zopanda ntchito zowonjezereka, ngakhale kukonzanso kokhala kotsika mtengo.
Ponena za magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto, okonzedwa ndi ojambula, amadalira magetsi a magetsi - ndizopangitsa kuti magetsi azitha kutumizira, komanso chifukwa cha kuwerenga kumene gululi limatumizidwa kuti lisinthe pa nthawi yoyenera.
Poyamba, mabokosi amenewa anali kuperekedwa ndi magalimoto anai okha. Zitsanzo zamakono zili ndi 5, 6, 7 komanso 8 magalimoto. Malingana ndi opanga makinawo, chiwerengero chapamwamba cha magalimoto amathandizira kuti zikhale zowonjezereka, kuyendayenda ndi kusintha ndi kupulumutsa mafuta.
Wosintha mofulumira wothamanga
Ndi zizindikiro zakunja, njira yothetsera nzeruyi kuchokera ku "makina" a chikhalidwe samasiyana, koma mfundo ya ntchito pano ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Palibe zotumizira, ndipo dongosolo silinasinthe. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasintha mosalekeza komanso popanda kusokonezeka - izi sizidalira ngati liwiro limachepa kapena injini imatha. Mabokosiwa amapereka ntchito yowonjezera bwino - ichi ndi chitonthozo kwa woyendetsa.
Zina zowonjezera, zomwe mtundu wa PPCs umakonda kwambiri madalaivala - ndilo liwiro la ntchito. Kuwombera kumeneku sikungotaya nthawi pachithunzi - ngati mukufuna kufulumizitsa, nthawi yomweyo idzakhala yothamanga kwambiri popereka galimoto mofulumira.
Bokosi lazowonongeka: momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito
Ganizirani njira zogwiritsira ntchito komanso malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito hydrotransfotor automata. Iwo amaikidwa pa magalimoto ambiri.
Njira zazikulu zoyendetsera galimoto
Kuti mudziwe malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, m'pofunika kuti muyambe kumvetsa njira zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zipangizozi zimapereka.
Kwa magalimoto onse popanda kutumizira, njira zotsatirazi ndizovomerezeka: "P", "R", "D", "N". Ndipo kuti dalaivala asankhe momwe akufunira, bokosi ili ndi zida zambiri zosankha. Mu maonekedwe, pafupifupi amasiyana ndi chosankha cha gear yaboxbox gearbox. Kusiyanitsa ndiko kuti njira yosinthira kufalitsa imachitika molunjika.
Ma modesedwe amawonetsedwa pazowonjezera - ndizovuta, makamaka kwa oyendetsa galimoto. Pakati pa kayendetsedweko, palibe chifukwa choletsera msewu ndikuchepetsani mutu kuti muwone chomwe galimoto ikuyendetsa.
Bokosi loti "P" ndilo kupaka. Momwemo, zinthu zonse za galimoto zidzachotsedwa. Izi ziyenera kusunthidwa pokhapokha ataima nthawi yaitali kapena malo osungirako magalimoto. Ndiponso, galimotoyo imayambira kuchokera mu njira iyi.
"R" - zida zotsalira. Pamene mawonekedwe awa asankhidwa, makina adzabwerera mmbuyo. Ndibwino kuti mutsegule zida zowonongeka pokhapokha makina atasiya; Ndifunikanso kukumbukira: kumbuyo kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha pokhapokha mutasweka. Zosintha zina zomwe zimachitika zingathe kuvulaza kwambiri magetsi. Ndikofunika kudziwa onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa. Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito molondola, akatswiri ndi madalaivala akudziwitsa. Mosamala tsanzirani malangizo awa, adzakuthandizira kwambiri.
"N" salowerera ndale, kapena kutenga nawo mbali. Pachifukwa ichi, galimotoyo sichimasunthira nkhonya kupita ku chisiyiti ndipo imagwira ntchito yovuta. Ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito gearyi pokhapokha kuima kwaifupi. Komanso, musatseke bokosilo musalowerere pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto. Akatswiri ena amalangiza kuti ayendetse galimoto m'njirayi. Pamene kutumiza kwachangu sikulowerera, injini sichiloledwa kuyamba.
Zithunzi za kutumiza kwachangu
"D" - njira yopita. Pamene bokosi liri pamalo amenewa, galimoto ikupita patsogolo. Pankhaniyi, magalimoto amatha kusintha pamene dalaivala akuyendetsa phokoso la accelerator.
Galimoto ikhoza kukhala ndi 4, 5, 6, 7 kapena 8. Mitundu yambiri imasankha lever pamagalimoto oterewa akhoza kukhala ndi njira zingapo zopititsira patsogolo - izi ndi "D3", "D2", "D1". Zithunzi zingakhalenso popanda kalata. Zithunzi izi zikuwonetsa zida zapamwamba zomwe zilipo.
Mu "D3" mawonekedwe, dalaivala angagwiritse ntchito magalimoto atatu oyambirira. M'malo amenewa ndizothandiza kwambiri kuti muzitha kuswa kusiyana ndi momwe "D" amachitira. Njirayi ikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito pamene simungathe kupita popanda kuswa. Ndiponso, kusintha kumeneku kuli kosavuta ndi madontho omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri kapena okwera.
"D2" ndi, motero, zokhazokha zokha. Pachifukwa ichi, bokosilo limatengedwa mofulumira mpaka 50 km / h. Kawirikawiri, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mavuto - ikhoza kukhala msewu wamapiri kapena njoka yamapiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kuthekera kwa kubvunda ndi magalimoto kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira. Ndiponso, kutumiza bokosi ku "D2" yomwe mukusowa pamisewu ya magalimoto.
"D1" ndilo loyamba kutumiza. Pachikhalidwe ichi, magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galimotoyo ndi yovuta kuthamanga pamwamba pa 25 km / h. Malangizo ofunika kwa omwe ali ndi mawotchi othandizira (momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake zonse): musatsegule njirayi mofulumira, mwinamwake padzakhalanso chidziwitso.
"0D" ndi mndandanda wapamwamba. Uwu ndi udindo wapamwamba. Iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galimoto yatenga kale liwiro kuchokera 75 mpaka 110 km / h. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tipewe kuyendetsa pamene liwiro likugwera 70 km / h. Njirayi ikukuthandizani kuti muchepetse kwambiri mafuta pamsewu.
Phatikizani ma modes onsewa akhoza kukhala mu dongosolo lililonse pamene galimoto ikuyenda. Tsopano mutha kuyang'ana pawotchi, ndipo tachometer sichifunikanso.
Njira zina
Pa ma bokosi ambiri, magwiridwe othandizira amathandizanso. Izi ndizozolowereka, zamaseŵera, zowonjezereka, zachisanu ndi zachuma.
Njira yachizolowezi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pazochitika. Economic ikukulolani kuti mukwaniritse ulendo wabwino. Mu masewero a masewera, magetsi amagwiritsa ntchito injini mpaka pamtunda - dalaivala amapeza chilichonse chimene galimoto ikhoza kuchita, koma chuma chiyenera kuiwalika. Mazira a Zima amapangidwa kuti agwire ntchito pa malo otsekeka. Galimoto siyimachoka pa yoyamba, koma kuchokera ku yachiwiri kapena ngakhale ku gear yachitatu.
Makonzedwe awa nthawi zambiri amatsegulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani kapena kusintha. Ziyeneranso kunenedwa kuti, ngakhale phindu lonse la madalaivala limene bokosilo limapereka, madalaivala amafuna kuyendetsa magalimoto. Palibe chabwino kuposa momwe mungasinthire msinkhu m'galimoto yanu. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, akatswiri a nkhawa za Porsche adapanga njira yogwiritsira ntchito "Tiptronic". Izi ndizotsanzira zopangidwa ndi manja ndi bokosi. Zimakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kufala kwachangu ngati n'kofunikira .
Bokosi lamagetsi lokha: momwe mungayendetsere
Poyambitsa galimoto pomwepo, komanso kusintha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kayendedwe ka bokosi kamasinthidwa pamene idamphwanya maganizo. Mukasintha kayendetsedwe ka ulendo, musaike kabokosi kanthawi kosalekeza.
Kuchotsa phazi kuti iwonongeke kumalimbikitsidwa pokhapokha ngati dalaivala ali ndi khalidwe lomenyera - izi zikuwonetsa kuti gear yakhala ikugwira ntchito.
Ngati mukufunikira kuyima pamsewu wamtunda, komanso ngati mukuyendetsa galimoto, musaikemo wosankha kuti asaloŵerere. Komanso musamulangize pa mbeu. Ngati galimotoyo ikudumpha, musamangokhalira kukanikiza mpweya - ndizovulaza. Ndibwino kutembenuza magalasi otsika ndikugwiritsa ntchito phokoso lophwanyika kuti mawilo ayende pang'onopang'ono.
Zina zonse zogwira ntchito ndi kujambulira mwachindunji zingathe kumvetsetsedwa kokha ndi zomwe zimachitikira kuyendetsa galimoto.
Malamulo ogwira ntchito
Chinthu choyamba choyenera kuchita ndi kukakamiza phokoso losweka. Ndiye wosankhidwa akuyikidwa muyendedwe. Pambuyo pake, tulukani kusinthana kwa magalimoto . Galasi lopumidwa liyenera kuchepetsedwa bwino - galimoto iyamba kuyenda. Kusinthika konse ndi kusokonezeka kwa kutumiza kwachangu kumachitidwa kupyola ndi phazi lamanja.
Kuti muchepetse liwiro, ndi bwino kumasula gasi - zotumiza zonse zidzasinthidwa mosavuta.
Lamulo lalikulu ndiloti palibe maulendo amphamvu, othamanga mwadzidzidzi, kayendedwe kadzidzidzi. Izi zimabweretsa kuvala kwa ma discs ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda pakati pawo. Izi zikhoza kutsogoloza zosasangalatsa pamene kutumiza kwachangu kumasintha.
Akatswiri ena amapatsa bokosi kupumula. Mwachitsanzo, mukakonza galimoto, mungalole kuti galimotoyo ikhale yopanda kanthu, popanda mpweya. Pambuyo pa izi mungathe kukanikiza pa accelerator.
Kutumiza kwachangu: zomwe sizingatheke
Zimaletsedwa kupatsa katundu ku makina osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale pali kutentha kwa mpweya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makilomita oyambirira amatha kugonjetsedwa mofulumira - kuwongolera mofulumira ndi kugwedeza kuli koopsa ku bokosi. Woyendetsa galimotoyo ayenera kukumbukiranso kuti pofuna kutenthetsa makina opititsa patsogolo, zimatenga nthawi yambiri kuposa kutentha mphamvu.
Bokosi lokhalokha silinapangidwe kuti likhale lopanda msewu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mopambanitsa. Makina ambiri amatsenga amakono opanga makanema sakukonda kuthamanga mawilo. Njira yabwino yoyendetsera galimotoyi ndikutsegula misewu yoyipa. Ngati galimoto yatha, thandizani fosholo - musamangotengeka.
Komanso, akatswiri samalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo zojambulajambula zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri - njira zowonongeka ndipo, motero, zimakhala zolimba komanso zimatha mwamsanga. Maulendo oyendayenda ndi magalimoto ena ndi imfa ya mfuti.
Kuwonjezera apo, musayambe magalimoto omwe ali ndi mauthenga othamanga kuchoka ku pusher. Ngakhale oyendetsa galimoto ambiri akuphwanya lamuloli, wina ayenera kukumbukira apa kuti izi sizingatheke popanda njira yeniyeniyo.
Komanso m'pofunika kukumbukira zina mwa kusintha. Popanda kulowerera, mutha kukhalabe, koma ngati mutagwira pachosamba. Kusalowerera ndale sikulepheretsedwe kuti mupange gawo la mphamvu - izi zikhoza kuchitika pokhapokha "malo". Zaletsedwa kusuntha wosankhidwa kuti "Paki" kapena kuti "R" pomwe mukuyendetsa.
Zovuta zapadera
Pakati pa akatswiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kusiyanitsa zowonongeka, mafuta othamanga, mavuto a magetsi ndi magetsi. Nthawi zina tachometer sagwira ntchito. Nthawi zina pamakhala mavuto ndi kusintha kwa torque, injini yothamanga sagwira ntchito.
Ngati, pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi, pali mavuto alionse pakusuntha chiwindi, izi ndi zizindikiro za mavuto ndi wosankha. Kuti mupeze njira yothetsera gawolo - magawo osungira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha akugulitsa magalimoto.
Kaŵirikaŵiri, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumachitika chifukwa cha kuvulala kwa mafuta kuchokera ku dongosolo. Kawirikawiri, mabokosi enieni amachokera pansi pa zisindikizo. Izi ziyenera kukhala nthawi zambiri kuti ayang'ane mayunitsi pawotchi kapena gombe loyendera. Ngati pali kutuluka, ichi ndi chizindikiro chakuti kukonza mwamsanga kwa chipangizochi n'kofunika. Mukachita zonse panthawi yake, vuto lingathetsedwe m'malo mwa mafuta ndi zisindikizo.
Pa magalimoto ena, izi zimachitika kuti tachometer siigwira ntchito. Ngati mphepo yamagetsi imasiya, kutumiza kumeneku kumatha kupita kuntchito yopanikizika. Kawirikawiri mavuto awa amakambidwa bwino, mophweka. Vuto ndipadera yapadera. Ngati mumalowetsamo kapena kuyeretsa ocheza nawo, ndiye kuti zonse zimabwerera kumalo ake. Kuti muwone momwe angaperekere АКПП ndifunika. Ipezeka pamtundu wa bokosi.
Komanso oyendetsa galimoto amayang'aniridwa ndi ntchito yolakwika ya kutumiza kachidziwitso chifukwa cha mavuto a zamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, maulamulirowa amawerenga molakwika mazokambirana a kusintha. Cholakwikacho chikhoza kukhala injini yothamanga sensor. Kukonzekera kwa unit palokha kulibe phindu, koma kubwezeretsa khungu ndi sitima kudzathandiza.
Kawirikawiri hydroblock imachoka kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, izi zikhoza kuchitika ngati dalaivala akugwiritsira ntchito molakwika chithandizocho. Ngati galimotoyo isanatenthe m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti hydroblock ndi yotetezeka kwambiri. Mavuto ndi hydraulic unit nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana, ena ogwiritsa ntchito amadziwika ngati atsegula njira yopatsira. M'galimoto zamakono za kuwonongeka uku zidzakuthandizani kupeza kompyuta yanu.
Kugwiritsira ntchito kutumiza kwachangu m'nyengo yozizira
Zambiri zolepheretsa kutumiza kachilomboka zimachitika m'nyengo yozizira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa kutentha kwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipotu kuti panthawi yomwe chiwongolero chayamba kuyendetsa galimoto, izi sizimakhudza boma m'njira yabwino.
Asanayambe nyengo yozizira, wokonda magalimoto amayenera kufufuza momwe thupi limayendera. Ngati mawanga a zitsulo amaoneka mmenemo, ngati madziwa achita mdima ndi kukhala mdima, ndiye kuti adzalandidwa. Malinga ndi malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso mafuta ndi zowonongeka, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchita izi makilomita 30,000 a galimoto kuti tigwire ntchito m'dziko lathu.
Ngati makina atakanikizidwa, musagwiritse ntchito "D" mawonekedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, kusinthasintha kwa magalimoto kumathandiza. Ngati palibe otsika, ndiye kuti galimoto imachotsedwa patsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Koma musamazunzire izi mochuluka.
Pofuna kupewa masewerawa pochepetsa magalimoto pamsewu woterera, magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto kutsogolo mukufunikira kusunga accelerator pedal, kutsogolo kutsogolo-mmalo mwake, kumasula zitsulo. Musanayambe kusintha ndikobwino kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto apansi.
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