Malingaliro amakono za chiyambi cha moyo. Zikamera wa moyo Padziko Lapansi (mwachidule)

Tikaona deta onse kuti ife talandira ndi wasayansi mu maphunziro osiyanasiyana, n'zoonekeratu kuti moyo Padziko Lapansi - modabwitsa zosaneneka zoona. The mwayi wa pakuwonekera kwake ndi negligible mu chilengedwe chathu. masiteji onse magwero a moyo uli kuthekera njira zina za zochitika, chifukwa cha zimene dziko akanakhalabe ozizira dziko phompho popanda lingaliro si chinachake chimene malingaliro a munthu, ndipo ngakhale tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zazing'ono. Ya kulengedwa kufotokoza chochitika ngati zosaneneka ndi thandizo la Yehova. Komabe, kuli Mulungu Zikhonza kukhala ndi umboni kapena akutsutsa, ndi malingaliro amakono za chiyambi cha moyo, komanso sayansi onse wonse, zochokera deta experimental ndi zochitika ongolankhula, sipangakhalenso adamfunsa kapena atsimikizire.

vitalism

chidziwitso anthu ikusintha, chinachake chofanana ndi mfundo zazikulu anafotokoza Darwin ndondomeko. Nthanthi ndi masoka kusankha ndi kupulumuka Zamphamvu, amene anatha kupirira alimbane wa kauntala-mikangano kapena kusintha mutate kuti agwirizane iwo. Malingaliro za chiyambi cha moyo nawonso apita kutali ndi kukhala kumalizidwa kwa amene alibe ngakhale anasonyeza, monga mfundo zatsopano anatsegula tsiku, kukakamiza kusintha maganizo unakhazikitsidwa kale.

Chinthu chachikulu pa msewu uwu unali vitalism - chiphunzitso cha m'badwo mowiriza wa moyo mpaka kalekale. Pa makonzedwe ake, mbewa anaonekera mu nsanza akale, nyongolotsi - mu zotsala kuvunda chakudya. Vitalism anaposa zatsopano sayansi mpaka Lui Pastera 1860, pamene anali ndikosatheka m'badwo mowiriza zinthu zamoyo. Zotsatira chifukwa chochitika paradoxical: Iwo analimbitsa chikhulupiriro chiyambi cha Mulungu kukhonda asayansi kuyang'ana umboni kuti posachedwapa umboni. Science amafuna kufotokoza kuti chiyambi osadalira pa moyo zinachitika, koma kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kupita sitepe ndi sitepe, kutenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

kaphatikizidwe wa kaboni

Ngozi imeneyi inali yotayitsa mpaka, mpaka mu 1864 AM Butlerof sanapange anapeza zofunika. Iye anatha kulandira organic (mpweya) wa zochita kupanga ndi (mu kuyesera zinali formaldehyde). Deta analandira chidwi anaphedwa khoma delineates zamoyo moyobe ndi dziko la nkhani akufa. Patapita kanthawi, asayansi anali amatha kupeza Mabaibulo ena a organic ku zinthu zochita kupanga. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kupanga malingaliro amakono za chiyambi cha moyo. Iwo anatenga deta osati zamoyo, komanso akatswiri ndi sayansi.

Mapeto a Big Bang

Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo kuphimba nthawi lalikulu: ndi prerequisites woyamba mapangidwe tsogolo la zamoyo, asayansi ali mu magawo oyambirira za chiyambi cha dziko lapansi. Modern sayansi akuwawerengera kuli dziko ku Big Bang, pamene pafupifupi chilichonse anadza zonse. The wonga ndi yozizira pansi wa chilengedwe woyamba kupangidwa maatomu ndi mamolekyulu, ndiye iwo aphatikizane kuti apange m'badwo woyamba wa nyenyezi. Achita malo mapangidwe kwambiri mbali kudziwika kwa sayansi lero. Latsopano maatomu wodzazidwa danga pamene nyenyezi chimaphulika ndipo maziko maofesi lotsatira-m'badwo, kuphatikizapo dzuwa wathu. deta Current amati woyamba mankhwala organic akhoza kuoneka mu mtambo protoplanetary ozungulira nyenyezi yatsopano. A iwo mwamsanga anapanga ndi dziko. Iwo likukhalira kuti magawo choyamba cha moyo Padziko Lapansi zinachitika ngakhale pamaso mapangidwe ake.

m'zinthu autocatalytic

Njira zikuchitika pa dziko Blue chake "ubwana", mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zomwe ndi gawo la kuya kwake, ndi kuchokera ku malo monga meteorites. Malingaliro chiyambi cha moyo wina wa maziko ofunika kwambiri zikamera wa organic Padziko Lapansi amatchedwa catalysts mosiyanasiyana mankhwala, kukanirira pano ndi makombo a awa "alendo". Iwo anatsogolera chakuti ntchito zedi, mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano pa dziko anayamba kusewera njira mofulumira.

Siteji yotsatira - autocatalytic m'zinthu. Mu njira ngati kubala zinthu kuthandiza kupititsa patsogolo mlingo anachita, komanso gawo lapansi zongowonjezwdwa - nyengo kucheza. The mkombero Choncho kwathunthu njira okha inapita patsogolo ndi okha "chakudya wokonzeka", mwachitsanzo zinthu kachiwiri anachita kachiwiri catalyzing okha ndi kukonzanso kupanga gawo lapansi, ndi zina zotero.

kukayika

malingaliro amakono za chiyambi cha moyo kale munali maganizo. ndi chopunthwitsa - nkhuku ndi dzira vuto. Kodi adayamba: mapuloteni kugwira njira zonse muchipindachi, kapena DNA, imene ndiyo Kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ndi amene wagwirizira mfundo zonse chibadwa. Zofunikira choyamba kwa thupi monga imapititsa dongosolo kudziona watsopano, popanda moyo n'zosatheka. DNA lili dongosolo khungu la umboni, ndi kudziwa viability. Maganizo a asayansi ndipo muyankhe funso ili, izo sizinali mpaka pano pamene zinadziwika kuti monga zapamwamba za uthengawu ku maselo ku HIV zikuoneka DNA ndi RNA, kalasi lachitatu la mankhwala organic, omwe kawirikawiri anatumizidwa yekha mbali yachiwiri mchiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo.

RNA dziko

Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kudziunjikira mfundo ndi mu 80s Mu zaka zapitazo, pali umboni kuti anasintha maganizo za magawo oyambirira mapangidwe kanthu moyo. Ankagwidwa ribozymes, RNA mamolekyulu okhala luso mapuloteni, makamaka kwa catalyze anachita. Mitundu choyamba cha moyo, Choncho, kodi saonetsa nawo mapulotini DNA. Mu ntchito zawo yosungirako, komanso ntchito zonse zichitike mkati RNA. Moyo Padziko Lapansi tsopano anachita ndi protoorganisms woimira mkombero autocatalytic wopangidwa mwa ribozymes otha kuchulukana. chiphunzitso amatchedwa "RNA dziko".

coacervates

Lero N'zovuta kulingalira za moyo wa nthawi, chifukwa iye analibe yofunika Mbali - chipolopolo kapena malire. Ndipotu, anali yankho munali mkombero autocatalytic ya RNA. Vuto la kusowa kwa malire, kofunikira kuyenda kwa bwino njira anathana improvised njira. Protoorganisms anapeza malo ogona pafupi mchere zeolite ndi dongosolo mauna latisi. pamwamba anatha catalyze mapangidwe ndi unyolo RNA ndi kuwapatsa iwo kasinthidwe ena.

Komanso - kwambiri, awonekere coacervates gawo kapena m'malovu madzi-zamadzimadzi. The malingaliro a chiyambi cha moyo monga posachedwapa, ndi Pakalipano makamaka chifukwa pa chiphunzitso cha AI Oparin, amene anaphunzira katundu wa formations izi. Coacervates - ichi njira m'malovu unazunguliridwa mu chigoba cha mafuta (lipids). nembanemba izi yodziwika ndi permeability kusankha kuthekera kuchita kagayidwe. Ena a iwo, zikuoneka ogwirizana ndi maunyolo otha kuchulukana RNA, kuphatikizapo amene catalyze kaphatikizidwe wa lipids okha. Choncho, mitundu yatsopano ya moyo, anagonjetsa njira kwa doorganizmennogo mlingo kuti leni chamoyo. Kutheka kwa nyumba amenewa anali nacho anatsimikizira posachedwapa: ofufuza experimentally anatsimikizira luso RNA osakaniza ndi kashiamu ayoni Ufumuyo nembanemba ndi zamadzimadzi ndi malangizo permeability awo.

athandizi mwaluso

Chiyambi cha moyo mu gawo lina lotsatira ndi ndondomeko kukonza ntchito ya zamoyo anapanga. RNA anapeza luso catalyze kaphatikizidwe wa ma polima kwa amino asidi, poyamba wosavuta. Chimake Kupereka njira yatsopano anali luso lithe mapuloteni. Education anaonekera kangapo kuthana ndi njira kwachilengedwenso kuposa ribozymes.

Poyamba, peputayidi kaphatikizidwe sanali analamula. Ndondomeko anali "anagundidwa kapena kuphonya" adasiya kasamalidwe choncho mu akuyambira kwa amino asidi unyolo latsopano. Pa nthawi munakhala buku enieni, chifukwa kuti chinathandiza bata wamkulu wa dongosolo lonse. Choncho anabadwa malamulo chibadwa, amene amalola kuti lithe mapuloteni yeniyeni ndi ntchito ankafuna.

ungwiro

Honing luso lithe mapuloteni anakhumba zinachitika pang'onopang'ono. Choyamba chinali zikamera wa mtundu wapadera wa RNA, amene angathe kulumikiza amino zidulo. Gawo lotsatira la ndondomeko kumanga pamodzi ndi mapangidwe tinthu peputayidi kudzera anakonza mu zapansi makamaka dongosolo. zinayendera chinaikidwa pa yemweyo RNA Chinsinsi. Zimachitika "malangizo" nkhani RNA ndi mapuloteni zigawo za m'tsogolo chinkhoswe mu mtundu watsopano wa RNA, wotchedwa zoyendera. Kodi ndi mfundo, ndipo lero - yofunika kwambiri peputayidi kaphatikizidwe.

DNA

Kuvuta kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zina anapita pa njira kusintha njira yosungirako zambiri. Akukhulupirira kuti DNA poyamba anali mmodzi wa magawo mkombero moyo wa madera RNA. Iwo anali ndi dongosolo wolimba kwambiri. digiri yake zambiri kuposa, kotero patapita, ndithu nthawi yaitali anali zapamwamba waukulu DNA malamulo chibadwa.

Mmodzi wa katundu wa mapangidwe latsopano, nthawi sanalole kuika DNA mu mutu wa chiphunzitso cha magwero a moyo - ndi kulephera kanthu. Iwo wakhala ngati malipiro kwa patsogolo TV mbali yosungirako. Lonse "ntchito" anakhalabe mapulotini RNA.

kudalirana

malingaliro amakono za chiyambi cha moyo sikumachititsa kuti kholo la chatsekedwa ndipo wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ku mpumulo wa thupi. Asayansi ofunitsitsa mokomera kopanda kuti mu magawo oyambirira panali kufanana m'dera tosaoneka maselo ntchito zosiyanasiyana. kudalirana amenewa ndi osavuta kupeza mu chikhalidwe lero. Chitsanzo losavuta la - mphasa cyano-bakiteriya, amene imodzi dera la tizilombo ndi chamoyo ndi gulu limodzi.

Zikamera wa moyo Padziko Lapansi zamoyo pa siteji lino la chitukuko, amaona ndondomeko, yodziwika ndi akumenya mosalekeza osati mpikisano, koma kani likuwonjezekabe osiyanasiyana malo osonkhaniranapo nyumba zina, zinachititsa kuti zikamera ya selo lamoyo, pamene ife tsopano akuimira.

generalization

Kufotokoza, tikhoza mwachidule ati magawo onse mu mapangidwe moyo, mu chimango mfundo ano, nthawi zambiri Baibulo la zikamera ndi kukula kwa zamoyo padziko lapansi:

1. Mapangidwe mankhwala chachikulu organic m'mitambo protoplanetary.

2. The phasing pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kutsogolo zochita ndi luso kudzimvera mathamangitsidwe, ndi m'zinthu autocatalytic.

3. Zikamera wa m'zinthu autocatalytic ya RNA.

4. Union RNA ndi nembanemba zamadzimadzi.

5. Kupeza RNA lithe mapuloteni.

6. Kubwera kwa DNA ndi umwana wake monga zapamwamba zazikulu zambiri.

7. Mapangidwe woyamba majeremusi zokhala ndi selo imodzi mwa kudalirana.

Amvetsetse ndondomeko zimene zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa moyo, tidakali anthu ochimwa. Asayansi ambiri mafunso. Sizikudziwika mmene RNA adanyamuka ambiri magawo wapakatikati ndi ongolankhula yekha. Komabe, zatsopano latsopano, mfundo ndi malingaliro kokayezetsa anayikidwa tsiku lililonse. Timadziwa kuti kuti m'badwo wathu wapereka dziko atulukira zambiri zokhudzana ndi nyengo ya mbiri isanayambe.