Chidulo cha safuriki. Pakubwezeretsa, katundu, Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa

chidulo cha safuriki ndi dzina mbiri: mafuta a vitriol. Phunziro asidi anayamba kalelo, mu zolemba zake, iwo anafotokoza kuti: Greek dokotala Dioscorides, wa Chiroma zachilengedwe Pliniy Starshy, ndi asayansi Chisilamu geberi, Razi ndi Ibn Sina ndi ena. Mu Sumer panali mndandanda wa vitriol, amene wachinsinsi ndi mtundu wa chinthu. Masiku ano, mawu akuti "vitriol" chimagwirizanitsa crystalline hydrates sulfates zitsulo divalent.

M'zaka za m'ma 17, Dutch, German sayansi Johann Glauber asidi sulfuric akamagwira moto ndi sulfure ndi nitrate potaziyamu (KNO3) pamaso pa nthunzi. Mu 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (a pharmacist ku London), njira imeneyi ntchito kupanga. nthawi Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati nsonga ya maumboni, pamene kale mwaunyinji anayamba kupangidwa asidi sulfuric. Iwo chilinganizo (H2SO4), ambiri amaganiza kuti kuikidwa Swedish sayansi Berzelius (1779-1848) chete ina.

Berzelius ntchito zilembo alifabeti (amatchula zinthu zimachitikira) ndi kutsikira n'zosangalatsa kumva index (chomwenso ndi chiwerengero mu molekyulu maatomu wa mtundu uwu) anapeza kuti molekyulu uli 1 sulfure atomu (a S), 2 maatomu wa hydrogen (H) ndi 4 maatomu mpweya (O ). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, izo anadziwika Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera molekyulu, ndicho, mu chinenero zimapangidwira anafotokoza asidi sulfuric.

The structural kachitidwe, kusonyeza zizindikiro dongosolo tonse maatomu mu molekyulu ndi nsinga mankhwala pakati pawo (kaŵirikaŵiri amaimira mizere) imatiuza kuti mzinda wa molekyulu ndi sulfure atomu yomwe ndi iwiri amakondanso maatomu awiri oxygen. Ndi maatomu ena awiri mpweya iliyonse ili Ufumuyo ndi atomu wa hydrogen, atomu sulfure unagwirizanitsanso mwa maunyolo umodzi.

katundu

Sulfuric asidi - colorless kapena pang'ono chikasu, viscous madzi, sungunuka m'madzi pa woipa onse. Ndi amphamvu mchere acid. Acid kwambiri zikuwononga kuti zitsulo (interacts anaikira ndi chitsulo popanda magetsi, ndipo passivates) miyala, zimakhala nyama kapena zinthu zina. Iwo ali hygroscopicity mkulu ndi kutchulidwa amphamvu katundu oxidant. Pa kutentha 10,4 ° C solidifies acid. Pamene usavutike 300 ° C pafupifupi 99% asidi wotaya sulfure trioxide (SO3).

katundu zikusintha malinga ndi ndende ya amadzimadzi njira. Pali maina wamba ndi njira acid. Kuchepetsa asidi akuti ndi 10%. Rechargeable - kuchokera 29 32%. Pa woipa osakwana 75% (monga akufotokozera ISO 2184) umatchedwa nsanja. Ngati ndende ya 98%, ndiye izo zidzakhala asidi sulfuric anaikira. chilinganizo (Chemical kapena structural) milandu onse udakali sichinasinthe.

Pamene kusungunuka moyikirapo sulfuric asidi, trioxide sulfure kapena oleum aumbike fuming chidulo cha safuriki, chilinganizo ake akhoza kulemba monga: H2S2O7. Net asidi (H2S2O7) ndi olimba kukhala limatsogolera kutentha 36 ° C. sulfuric asidi hydration anachita yodziwika ndi kutuluka kwa kutentha zambiri.

asidi kuchepetsedwa ndi anachita ndi zitsulo yatikhudza amene akusonyeza katundu amphamvu oxidant. Izi limabwezeretsa chidulo cha safuriki, anapanga chilinganizo zinthu munali yafupika (4 0 kapena -2) ndi atomu sulfure, kungakhale: SO2, S kapena H2S.

Umakaphatikizana ndi sanali zitsulo, mwachitsanzo, mpweya kapena sulfure:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Wakwiya ndi sodium kolorayidi:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Iwo amakhala ndi electrophilic M'MALO zimene ndi atomu wa hydrogen Ufumuyo kwa benzene mphete za pawiri onunkhira gulu -SO3H.

phwando

Mu 1831, chikhomo anali setifiketi njira yodalirika H2SO4, amene panopa ndi chachikulu. Today kwambiri asidi ndi sulfuric amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi. zipangizo zopangira ntchito sulphide miyala (zambiri chitsulo galasi FeS2), amene watentha ng'anjo wapadera, potero kupanga mafuta calcined. Popeza kutentha mpweya ndi wofanana 900 ° C, ndiye izo utakhazikika asidi sulfuric ndi ndende 70%. The mpweya mu chimphepo ndi precipitator electrostatic ndi kutsukidwa ku fumbi nsanja kusamba ndi ndende asidi 40 ndi 10% wa ziphe chothandizira (As2O5 ndi fluorine), yonyowa electrostatic precipitators wa aerosol acid. Kenako, gasi calcined munali 9% sulfure woipa (SO2) zouma ndi kudyetsedwa kwa zida kukhudzana. Kudutsa zigawo 3 vanadium chothandizira, SO2 ali oxidized kuti SO3. Kupasuka anapanga sulfure trioxide, kuikapo maganizo asidi sulfuric ntchito. Chilinganizo njira ya trioxide sulfure (SO3) mu chidulo anhydrous sulfuric ndi H2S2O7. Mu mawonekedwe oleum mu akasinja zitsulo imapezeka kwa ogula kumene sitimadzipereka kwa ndende ankafuna.

ntchito

Chifukwa katundu osiyana mankhwala, H2SO4 ali osiyanasiyana ofunsira. Mu ulimi wa asidi yokha, ngati electrolyte mu mabatire ndi kutsogolera-asidi popanga pa okonza zosiyanasiyana, kumakhalanso ndi reactant zofunika makampani mankhwala a. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu kupanga: alcohols, mapulasitiki, utoto, labala, Ester, zomatira, mabomba, sopo ndi detergents, asatayike, zamkati ndi pepala, mafuta.