Manambala digiri: history, tanthauzo, zofunika katundu

Losavuta mawu masamu anadziwika kwa anthu kuchokera kalelo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mosalekeza zapita kuwongolera onse ntchito ndi akulemba iwo pa chonyamulira makamaka.

Makamaka ku Igupto wakale, amene asayansi anapanga zopereka kwambiri pa chitukuko cha masamu pulayimale, ndi kuyala maziko a ajebura ndi masamu, anafotokoza chakuti pamene pali chulutsa chiwerengero ndi chimodzi ndi nambalayi mobwerezabwereza, kenako izo anakhala kuchuluka yaikulu khama zosafunika. Komanso, ntchito zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mtengo kwambiri chuma: molingana ndiye akuchita pa ndondomeko ya makhazikitsidwe kulembamo iliyonse aliyense kanthu chiwerengero akanayenera anafotokoza. Ngati ife kukumbukira kuti ngakhale losavuta amtunduwu mtengo ndithu ndalama ndithu ndalama, ndiye n'zosadabwitsa kuti khama limeneli, lomwe Aiguputo apanga kupeza njira yothetsera zimenezi.

Chigamulo anapeza wotchuka Diophantus wa Alexandria, amene adakwera kudza ndi wapadera chizindikiro masamu, amene anayamba kusonyeza kangati muyenera kuchulukitsa ichi kapena nambala kuti palokha. Kenako, wotchuka French masamu Descartes patsogolo kulemba mawu amenewa, kutanthauza mu chikhazikitso cha mlingo manambala chabe kuvomereza kuti ngodya chapamwamba pamwamba pomwe chiwerengero chachikulu.

The poyambira yomaliza olembedwa a manambala mmene anali ntchito ya wowopsa N. Shyuke, amene anayambitsa mu ulimi sayansi woyamba zoipa ndiyeno digiri ziro.

Kodi mawu akuti "kumanga digiri"? Choyamba tiyenera kuzindikira kuti palokha exponentiation ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri bayinare ntchito masamu, akamanena za zomwe akubwerezedwa chulutsa chiwerengero payokha.

Opaleshoni imeneyi amaimira «XY» akuti mu mawonekedwe onse. Mu nkhani iyi, «X» adzatchedwa mlingo m'munsi, ndi «Y» - chithunzi ake. Pankhaniyi "anamuukitsa kwa mphamvu" adzakhala decoded monga "kuchulukitsa ndi« X »palokha« Y »nthawi."

Digiri manambala, ngati zinthu zina masamu kuti ndi makhalidwe ena:

1. Pamene akuika ziro digiri ya nambala wina osati ziro (zabwino ndi zoipa) adzatembenuza unit.

^^ × 0 = 1

2. KUSIYANA KWA manambala, pamene zizindikiro zoipa, ayenera adziwonetsa ngati mawu a chizindikiro zabwino

x-ndi = 1 / × ^ ndi

3. Kuti akwaniritse chulutsa manambala ndi mphamvu, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito zimenezi zimatheka ngati ali m'munsi chomwecho. Choncho chulutsa manambala madigiri ikuchitika malinga ndi ulamuliro zotsatirazi: m'munsi amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa, ndipo anawonjezera kuti phindu index wa madigiri otsala a ntchito.

× ^ yx ^ z = × ^ Y + z

4. choncho kumene gulu la mphamvu, m'pofunika kutsatira malamulo omwewo, koma mmalo mwa ndalama mu amalimbikitsa adzakhala kusiyana.

× ^ Y / × ^ z = × ^ yz

5. china chofunika chuma cha mlingo kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe pamene muyenera kumanga mu digiri ya amalimbikitsa kudzikonda. Pankhaniyi m'pofunika kuchulukitsa magawanidwe onse.

(X ^ Y) ^ z = × ^ yz

6. Nthawi zina, pali kufunika kujambula mlingo wa mankhwala kudzera manambala mlingo. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kukumbukira kuti mlingo wa mankhwala kuchita masamu malinga ndi lamulo ili apa:

(Xyz) ^ ndi = × ^ ay ^ Azirikamu ^ ndi

7. Ngati mukufuna kujambula kukula kwa mseri, chinthu choyamba muyenera zindikirani kuti maziko a chimene chachititsa siingakhale ziro. Apo ayi m'pofunika kutsatira mfundo zotsatirazi:

(X / Y) ^ ndi = × ^ ndi / Y ^ ndi

mavuto ena anakumana pamene ankafunika kumanga maziko mphamvu, mawu amene ali ochepera ziro. Zotsatira mu nkhani iyi ikhoza kukhala zoipa kapena zabwino. Iwo kudzadalira amalimbikitsa, + wa Kedesi kwa chiwerengero chomwe - wosamvetseka kapena ngakhale - chithunzi ichi chinali.