Kodi HIV? Kodi tichipeza?

Anthu a ufumu wa tizilombo - gulu lapadera la zamoyo. Iwo tili ndi dongosolo apadera kwambiri, komanso khalidwe la kagayidwe yeniyeni. M'nkhaniyi, tiona ACELLULAR moyo mawonekedwe - HIV. Kodi ndi monga kuchulukana ndipo kodi umagwira pa chilengedwe, mudzaphunzila ndi kuwerenga izo.

Kupezeka kwa zamoyo si ma

Russian wasayansi wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovsky mu 1892 ankaphunzira tizilomboto matenda fodya - fodya zithunzi. Iye anapeza kuti wothandizila tizilombo si mabakiteriya, ndipo ndi mtundu wapadera, kenako wotchedwa HIV. M'zaka za m'ma mochedwa 19 mu zamoyo sanagwiritse ntchito microscopes ndi kusamvana aatali, kotero wasayansi sadathe kudziwa za molekyulu aliyense ndi HIV, komanso kuona ndi kukufotokoza. Atalenga ndi elekitironi maso m'zaka za m'ma 20, dziko anawona oimira ya ufumu watsopano, kukhala chifukwa cha oopsa ndipo Osamva matenda ambiri anthu, komanso zinthu zina zamoyo: nyama, zomera, mabakiteriya.

Udindo wa mitundu si ma mu taxonomy zinyama

Monga tanena kale, zamoyo izi amaphatikizidwa mu chachisanu Ufumu wa chilengedwe - mavairasi. The morphological waukulu zimaonetsa khalidwe la mavairasi - palibe dongosolo ma. Kufikira tsopano, dziko la sayansi sasiya mtsutso pa ngati mitundu si ma zinthu zamoyo m'njira zonse za mawu. Ndipotu, mawonetseredwe onse a kagayidwe kachakudya ali zotheka pambuyo malowedwe mu selo lamoyo. Nthawi iyi mavairasi zinthu ngati zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo: alibe zochita kagayidwe kachakudya, iwo sangabale. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, sayansi, ndi lonse ya mafunso: Kodi HIV, kodi chigoba chake, limene lili mkati HIV tinthu? Mayankho analandiridwa chifukwa cha zaka za kafukufuku ndi zatsopano, amene anali ngati maziko a mwambo watsopano sayansi. Iwo anatuluka pa mphambano ya zamoyo ndi mankhwala, ndipo amatchedwa virology.

mbali structural

Mawu akuti "zonse namatetule ndi losavuta" mwachindunji nkhawa sanali ma zamoyo. HIV zikuphatikizapo mkati asidi mamolekyulu - DNA kapena RNA, mapuloteni TACHIMATA Kakhungu. Iye alibe mphamvu ndi mapuloteni akeake synthesizing dongosolo. Popanda khungu khamu ndi HIV alibe chizindikiro chilichonse cha mankhwala amoyo: palibe kupuma, palibe kukula, palibe irritability kapena kubereka. Kuti izi zonse panali, icho akutenga chinthu chimodzi kupeza wovulalayo - selo lamoyo, kuligonjetsa kagayidwe ake asidi ake mkati ndipo pamapeto pake. Monga tanenera poyamba, kachilombo envelopu mapuloteni wapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu ndi analamula kapangidwe (yosavuta mavairasi).

Ngati zikuchokera chipolopolo kumaphatikizapo komanso subunits lipoprotein, amene kwenikweni mbali ya Kakhungu cytoplasmic selo khamu mavairasi amenewa amatchedwa pawiri (nthumwi za nthomba ndi chiwindi B). Nthawi zambiri Kakhungu padziko HIV kulowa ndi glycoproteins. Iwo amagwira ntchito ma siginalo. Choncho, ngati mthunzi, ndi kachilombo yokha zigwirizana mamolekyulu wa chigawo cha organic - mapuloteni ndi zidulo mkati (DNA kapena RNA).

Kodi mavairasi kudutsa mu maselo

Poyamba paja anayang'ana pa mbali structural wa chigoba cha tiziromboti okhudza maselo ambiri. HIV A tichipeza mamolekyulu organic ndi n'lakuti tizilombo, ndi matabwa ake padziko ili ndi mapuloteni wapadera, plasmalemma kuzindikira selo lamoyo. Choncho, mitundu si ma bwanji yeniyeni mitundu ya maselo a mitundu ina ya zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, canine distemper mavairasi musati angabweretse mavuto kwa thanzi la munthu. Mkati tiziromboti umalowa selo mu njira zingapo:

1. Pophatikizana a envelopu ake ndi selo nembanemba (virus fuluwenza).
2. Ndi pinocytosis (causative wothandizila nyama poliomyelitis).
3. Pambuyo selo khoma kuwonongeka (mbewu mavairasi).

chulutsa mavairasi

Kamodzi tiziromboti anagunda khola, asidi ake mkati molekyulu, wedging mu phata matupi athu, popereka mauthenga okhudza kapangidwe ka particles mapuloteni ndi choyambitsa biosynthesis mapuloteni mwini. Iwo amagwiritsa mamolekyulu ribosome wa ATP, tRNA khamu selo. Mu yomweyi, selo kachilombo ndi reduplication wa mudziwe cholowa. Kumbukirani kuti mapuloteni ndi asidi mkati mavairasi zigwirizana otchedwa yosavuta. particles awo amapanga RNA, zomwe yomweyo amalankhulira ndi subunits ribosomal maselo khamu ndi induces ndi biosynthesis la tinthu ya mapuloteni HIV.

The chifukwa cha nkhondo ya tizilomboto pa foni amakhala pawiri wa particles DNA kapena RNA tizilombo ndi mapuloteni zawo. Choncho, utangoyamba HIV zikuphatikizapo mamolekyulu asidi mkati particles TACHIMATA analamula proteids. Nembanemba wa khungu khamu zikadzawonongedwa, selo akamwalira, koma iye anatuluka mavairasi kupatsira maselo thanzi la thupi.

N'zosiyana chodabwitsa reduplication

Pa chiyambi cha phunziro la anthu a ufumu wa nzeru mavairasi ndi lopangidwa ndi maselo, koma zatsopano D. Ivanovsky anasonyeza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sangakhoze kusiyana ndi thandizo la Zosefera microbiological: ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti anadutsa pores awo ndi anaonekera filtrate, amene anakhalabe katundu chosakaza.

kuwonjezera maphunziro zakhazikitsidwa chifukwa chakuti HIV wapangidwa ndi tinthu wa organic ndi akuwonetsa zizindikiro za moyo mankhwala pokhapokha malowedwe ake mwachindunji mu selo. , Iye akuyamba kuchulukana. Ambiri RNA mavairasi kuchulukitsa monga tafotokozazi, koma ena a iwo, monga kachilombo koyambitsa Edzi, chifukwa DNA kaphatikizidwe mu phata la selo khamu. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa n'zosiyana kugawanika. Kenako, ndi DNA ndi apanga ndi RNA-HIV, koma kuyamba msonkhano wa subunits tizilombo mapuloteni, kupanga envelopu ake.

Features bacteriophages

ndi bacteriophage Kodi - khungu kapena HIV? Kodi mu fomu iyi si ma moyo? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa motere: ndi HIV kuti infects yekha zamoyo prokaryotic - mabakiteriya. Kapangidwe ka ake m'malo achilendo. HIV imakhala ndi tinthu wa thunthu organic ndipo chidagawika patatu: mutu, ndodo (Mlanduwu) ndi trailing ulusi. Mu kutsogolo gawo - mutu - ndi DNA. Nkhani zotsatirazi ndi m'menemo m'dzenje kutsinde. Caudal ulusi Ufumuyo thereto, amapereka mogwirizana ndi kachilombo cholandilira loci plasma Kakhungu bakiteriya. Mfundo ntchito akufanana ndi syringe bacteriophage. Pambuyo kuchepetsa amaphimba DNA mapuloteni angamachite ndodo dzenje kenako jekeseni wa cytoplasm selo chandamale. Tsopano bakiteriya kachilombo adzakhala lithe DNA tizilombo ndi mapuloteni, zomwe n'kogwiritsa kuwonongedwa kwake.

Monga lake amateteza pokana matenda tizilombo

Chilengedwe analenga zipangizo zina zapadera chitetezo otsutsana matenda tizilombo zomera, nyama ndi anthu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda okha pozindikira maselo awo monga antigens. Poyankha pamaso pa mavairasi mu thupi limapanga immunoglobulins - chitetezo zozitetezera. Ziwalo chitetezo cha m'thupi - ndi thymus, lymph mfundo - kulabadira kuwukira tizilombo ndipo amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mapuloteni zoteteza - interferon. zinthu izi ziletsa kukula kwa particles HIV ndi ziletsa kuchuluka kwawo. Onse mitundu ya zochita zoteteza zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ikukhudzana bwanji ndi chitetezo chokwanira humoral. Mtundu wina wa chitetezo - selo. maselo oyera, macrophages, neutrophils kuwaphunzira particles HIV ndipo adzaphatikizana iwo.

kutanthauza mavairasi

Si chinsinsi kuti makamaka negative. Izi kopitilira muyeso-tizilombo tinthu (15 450 nm), zooneka okha elekitironi maso amachititsa maluwa a matenda woopsawo ndi Osamva popanda zamoyo kupatulapo alipo mu dziko. Motero, mavairasi anthu bwanji ziwalo zofunika kwambiri ndi kachitidwe, monga mantha (matenda a chiwewe, encephalitis, poliyo) m'thupi (AIDS), m'mimba (kutupa), kupuma (fuluwenza, adenoinfektsii). Nyama kupeza buluzi odwala, mliri, ndi zomera - zosiyanasiyana necrosis, wamawangamawanga, zithunzi.

The zosiyanasiyana za oimira ufumu sichinayambe anaphunzira mpaka ku mapeto. Umboni n'chakuti mpaka pano kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya mavairasi ndi matenda a kale anakumana. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 20 atumwi ku Africa anatulukira Zika HIV. Ndi ili mu thupi la udzudzu kuti ali ndi kachilombo pamene iwo kuluma anthu ndi nyama zina. Zizindikiro za matenda amasonyeza kuti wothandizila amakhudza makamaka ziwalo za chapakati mantha dongosolo ndipo zimayambitsa microcephaly neonatal. Anthu amene ali ndi kachilombo imeneyi, ayenera kukumbukira kuti angabweretse chiopsezo lingathe anzawo, monga zochiritsira lipoti milandu kufala kugonana matenda.

Ndi udindo zabwino mavairasi monga ntchito zawo polimbana ndi mitundu tizilombo okonza chibadwa.

Mu ntchito iyi, tinauzidwa kuti HIV umene ndi tinthu, mmene zamoyo kudziteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ife amadziwikanso udindo ankaimba ndi mitundu si ma moyo mu chikhalidwe.