Mandelshtam Nadezhda: yonena ndi kukumbukira

Mandelshtam Nadezhda ... Mkazi chodabwitsa cha moyo, imfa ndi kukumbukira anachititsa chipwirikiti zikuluzikulu luntha Russian ndi Western, kuti mtsutso za udindo wake mu mmasate zovuta ndi makumi anai zaka mazana makumi awiri, memoir ake komanso zotsatira zolembalemba kumatenga mpaka tsopano. Iye anakwanitsa kukangana ndi chilekano mbali zonse za mpanda wa abwenzi akale. Iye anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa cholowa ndakatulo wa mwamuna chisoni wakufayo Osip Mandelstam. Zikomo kwa iye, kupulumutsa kwambiri za ntchito yake. Koma osati kuti anapanga mbiri Nadezhda Mandelstam. Chokumbukira mkaziyo kuti weniweni mbiri gwero la nthawi yovuta ya Stalinist kupondereza.

ubwana

Izi chidwi ndi luso mtsikana anabadwa mu 1899 ku banja la Ayuda Khazin, amene anachita Chikhristu. Bambo anga anali loya, ndi mayi wake ntchito monga dokotala. Nadia anali wamng'ono wamkazi. Poyamba, banja lake ankakhala Saratov, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Kiev. Kumeneko ndipo ndinaphunzira Mandelstam m'tsogolo. Hope anabwera zolimbitsa thupi la akazi ndi ikuyenda bwino kwambiri pa nthawi ya mapeto maphunziro. Osati zinthu zonse zinaperekedwa kwa iye chimodzimodzi, koma koposa zonse adakonda nkhaniyo. Makolo ndiye ndi njira, kupita ndi mwana wake wamkazi kupita. Choncho, Nadia anali kupita Switzerland, Germany, France. maphunziro apamwamba si anamaliza, ngakhale iye analowa lamulo la Yunivesite Kiev. Hope anachita chidwi ndi kupenta, kupatula bingu zaka zovuta zisinthe.

Chikondi cha moyo

nthawi iyi anali achikondi kwambiri moyo wa mtsikanayo. Ntchito mu Kiev mu situdiyo, anakumana ndi achinyamata ndakatulo. Anali ndi zaka naintini, ndipo iye anali kutsatira za "chikondi kwa ola", umene unali ndiye kwambiri otchuka. Choncho, ubale anyamata idaluma tsiku loyamba. Koma Osip kotero anagwa mchikondi ndi yonyansa koma wokongola wojambula amene anawina mtima wake. Kenako ananena kuti ankaoneka kumverera ngati kuti iwo yochepa nthawi yosangalala ndi mzake. awiri anali atakwatiwa, ndipo tsopano kukhala m'banja - Mandelshtam Nadezhda Osip. Mwamuna moyipa nsanje wamng'ono mkazi ndipo sanafune polekanitsa ndi izo. Osip anasunga makalata ambiri ndi mkazi wake, amene anatsimikizira nkhani bwino maganizo a banja amene anali pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi.

"Black" zaka

Koma banja sizinali choncho duwa. Osip anatembenuka amorous ndi wachigololo, Hope anali nsanje. Iwo ankakhala mu umphawi, ndi kokha mu 1932 analandira zipinda ziwiri nyumba Moscow. Ndipo mu 1934 wolemba ndakatulo Mandelstam anamangidwa chifukwa ndakatulo ndi Stalin ndi m'ndende zaka zitatu za ukapolo ku mzinda Chernyn (pa Kama Mtsinje). Koma ngati mtedza kupondereza ndiye ndinangoyamba kuluka, Mandelshtam Nadezhda analandira chilolezo limodzi ndi mwamuna wakeyo. Kenako zisamakuchitikireni cha abwenzi otchuka, Osip chiganizo ndingokhala kuletsa ake akhale m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya USSR, ndi angapo anapita Voronezh. Koma kumangidwa anathyola ndakatulo. Iye anakhala sachedwa maganizo ndi chipwirikiti, anayesera kudzipha, iye anayamba kukhala ndi mavuto kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Banjalo anayesa kuti abwererane Moscow, koma sanapeze chilolezo. Ndipo mu 1938, Osip anamangidwa kachiwiri anapha msasa amaulendo zinthu bwinobwino.

Mantha ndi ndege

Mandelshtam Nadezhda ndekha. Osadziwa za imfa ya mwamuna wake, iye analemba iye kalata pomaliza, amene anayesa kuti afotokoze chomwe iye amachiona masewera ana panopa mikangano wawo komanso ali wachisoni za nthawi imeneyo. Ndiye iye ankaona pamoyo wake wovutika chifukwa sadziwa chisoni. Iye anamusungira pamanja mwamuna wake. Iye akhagopa kusaka ndi kumangidwa, kuloweza zonse zimene analenga, monga ndakatulo ndi prose. Choncho, Nadezhda Mandelstam zambiri kusamuka. M'tawuni ya Kalinin izo zinagwira uthenga wa chiyambi cha nkhondo, ndipo iye ndi mayi ake anasamutsidwa ku Central Asia.

Popeza 1942, iye amakhala ku Tashkent, kumene akumaliza kunja sekondale English mphunzitsi ndi ntchito. Nkhondo itatha, Hope anasamukira ku Ulyanovsk, ndiyeno - mu Chita. Mu 1955, iye anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya English pa Chuvash Pedagogical Institute, pali kuteteza nkhani yolembedwa wake.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mu 1958, Mandelshtam Nadezhda Yakovlevna chimakagona ndi zikukhazikitsa pafupi Moscow, m'tauni ya Tarusa. Pali akaidi ambiri amene poyamba ndale moyo ndi malo anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu otsutsa. Kumeneko Hope analemba Maulendo Ake, wayamba kwa nthawi yoyamba kufalitsa pansi pseudonym munthu. Koma penshoni kosakwanira mu moyo wake, ndipo iye kachiwiri zikuchoka ntchito pa Pskov Pedagogical Institute. Mu 1965, Nadezhda Mandelstam potsiriza afika chipinda chimodzi nyumba Moscow. Anatha zaka otsiriza. Mu osauka wake nyumba mkazi anatha kusunga okonzera mabuku amene amapanga Haji osati Russian, komanso anzeru Western. Pa nthawi yomweyo Hope inaganiza zofalitsa buku la Nkhani zokhudza ulendo wake ku West - mu New York ndi Paris. Mu 1979, iye anayamba ndi mavuto ndi mtima mpaka aakulu, kuti iye anali dokotala bedi zina. Anakonza pafupi poseli ntchito yake koloko. December 29, 1980 anamupeza imfa. Ine ndikuyembekeza kuwerenga utumiki m'manda ku mwambo Orthodox, ndipo anaikidwa m'manda pa January 2 chaka chamawa pa Troekurov manda.

Nadezhda Mandelstam: buku ndi zimene iwo m'nthawi

Kuyambira pachiyambi izi dissident kauntala amadziwika kuti iye "Maulendo", amene anali kufalitsidwa ku New York mu 1970, komanso zina "Buku lachiwiri" (Paris, 1972). Kuti kwachititsa mchitidwe lakuthwa kwa amzanga ena a Hope. Iwo anapeza kuti mkazi Osipa Mandelshtama kupotoza mfundo ndi kuthetsa zambiri munthu mu Maulendo Ake. Atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira anaona kuunika Hope "Buku Chachitatu" (Paris, 1978). Pa malipiro awo, iye regaled abwenzi ndi anawagula mphatso. Komanso, miyala yonse ya mwamuna wake, wolemba ndakatulo Osip Mandelstam, mkazi wamasiye m'manja University Princeton mu United States. Iye sanali mogwirizana ndi konzanso wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri ndi pafupi anati asanafe kuti kumudikirira. Izi zinali, Nadezhda Mandelstam. Wambiri ya mkazi wolimba amatiuza kuti ngakhale mu "wakuda" zaka akhoza kukhala weniweni, wamakhalidwe munthu.