Mankhwala thermodynamics: amaloledwa kapena amaletsedwa

Kodi chikuyaka chiyani? Izi ndizidzidzidzi zowonjezereka, kugwirizana kwa mafuta ndi mpweya. Koma kwenikweni kukhudzana ndi mpweya ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse, ndipo zomwe sizikuyambira (ndipo zikomo Mulungu). Choncho, sikokwanira chabe ma reagents, m'pofunika kulingalira zina. Izi ndi zomwe thermodynamics imakhudzidwa nayo.

Sayansiyi ndi yophweka, ndipo panthawi yomweyi ndi imodzi mwa chilengedwe chonse, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochitika zambiri ndi njira zomwe zimachitika ... kapena sizichitika. Ndili pano kuti athetse malamulo osokonekera a sayansiyi. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mankhwala thermodynamics ndi zophweka. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti satha kukana, malinga ndi Einstein. Wasayansi wodabwitsa wodabwitsa uyu amakhulupirira kuti izi ndizo zowona zowona mu chilengedwe chonse.

Monga momwe tikudziwira pa zomwe takumana nazo, njira zambiri zamagetsi sizingapite mwadzidzidzi. Ochita kafukufuku oyambirira anaona kuti zambiri zomwe zimayambira paokha, zimachitika potulutsa kutentha. Komabe, sizinatheke kugwirizanitsa momveka bwino zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndikudzipereka. Chifukwa chakuti pamakhala kutentha kumene kumayambira kutentha ndi kupita kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, pomwe zomwe zimayambanso zimayambira pokhapokha.

Kodi mungamvetse bwanji zomwe zikuchitika? Kodi chilengedwe chimachepetsa mphamvu? Chilichonse chovuta kwambiri, mankhwala thermodynamics akunena kuti, zoona, chilengedwe chozungulira sichikonda mphamvu zochepa, koma chisokonezo chachikulu! Chabwino, anthu ena mwa ichi ndi chilengedwe ali ogwirizana.

Kodi n'zotheka kufotokozera vutoli mosamalitsa? Zimatheka, n'zotheka, chifukwa chaichi, "entropy" imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Akatswiri ake amatsenga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amatchedwa "arrow ya nthawi". Chifukwa chiyani? Popeza njira zowonjezera entropy zimangoyenda pang'onopang'ono. Ndipo izi zimawapangitsa kukhala osakwanira. Ichi ndi maziko a mankhwala thermodynamics. Mukhoza kuona kusiyana kwa njira zamakina. Mwachitsanzo, kayendetsedwe ka mipira mu mabilidi akhoza kuyendetsedwa pa kanema kumbuyoko - ndipo izo zimawoneka zowona. Koma ngati muwona momwe dzimbiri likuchotsa msomali kapena moto wa Bengal ukutuluka , mudzazindikira mwamsanga kuti izi si zoona, sizichitika. Zoonadi, chitsanzo ichi sichikumveka ngati chokha, koma kuwonjezeka kwa entropy kumakhaladi "mtundu wa" nthawi ".

Mankhwala otchedwa thermodynamics sanakhazikitse chipangizo chomwe chikanakhoza kudziwa kuchuluka kwa entropy, ndi lingaliro lalingaliro kwazing'ono ndithu. Koma n'zotheka kuwerengera, chifukwa ichi mukuyenera kudziwa kusintha kwa kutentha nthawi yomwe amachitira ndi kutentha kumene kusinthaku kumachitika. N'chifukwa chiyani kutentha kumatengedwa? Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuthamanga kwa particles kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutentha, ndipo mofulumira kwambiri, kuthamanga, kuwerenga, entropy.

Chinthu chosautsa kwambiri ndi gasi. Choncho, zomwe zimachitika, zomwe kuchuluka kwa gasi kumawonjezeka, zimapitirira ndi kuchuluka kwa entropy. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kwa calcium carbonate. Koma kutenga madzi kuchokera ku oksijeni ndi hydrogen ndi kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa entropy imachepa.

Ngati tiwerengera mphamvu za Gibbs kuchokera mu njirayi , ndiye tikhoza kuganiza ngati zotsatirazi zidzapita kutentha. Komabe, sizingatheke kuti mudziwe bwinobwino, mwinamwake, kuti icho chiyambe, icho chidzatenga chothandizira kapena kutentha kwakukulu. Kuwerengera sizothandiza, iwo amasonyeza "permissibility" ya zomwe anachita. Koma ngati mankhwala a thermodynamics akusonyeza kuti zomwe "zimaletsedwa", ndiye palibe chifukwa ngakhale chozunza kufunafuna chothandizira - sikungagwirebe ntchito.

Sayansi yomwe ikufotokozedwa ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi thermodynamics yowonjezera, yomwe ili nthambi ya fizikiki ndipo imalongosola njira zambiri zamitundu zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Anthu okonda chidwi amadziwa zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika zambiri, zomwe kwa ena nthawi zonse sizidzakhala zinsinsi. Iwo amati thermodynamics ngakhale kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu ...