Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mtundu umenewo?

Mu chilengedwe, pali zamoyo, kukula kwake komwe kuli kochepa kotero kuti sikungathe kuziwona ndi maso. Iwo amawonedwa ndi asayansi pokhapokha atathandizidwa ndi microscopes apamwamba kwambiri (motero, iwo anapezedwa kokha ndi kupangidwa kwa zida izi).

Kodi iwo ndi ndani?

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi dzina limodzi. Chinthu chachikulu kwambiri cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zosakwana 0.1 mm. Choncho dzina lake. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiwo protozoa ambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, gululi limaphatikizapo zida za nyukiliya (archaea ndi mabakiteriya), ndi eukaryotes, komanso bowa ndi algae. Koma osati mavairasi, omwe asayansi amapereka ku gulu losiyana.

Ntchito yomanga

Pafupifupi tizilombo tonse tizilombo timene timagwiritsa ntchito, timapanga mwaluso ndipo timapangidwa mwachilengedwe. Monga lamulo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi selo limodzi. Koma pali zosiyana: pali pakati pawo ndi ma multicellular, omwe amaimira mndandanda wa maselo, unyolo mwachitsanzo. Mwa njira, palinso zochitika padziko lapansi, zooneka ndi maso, koma zopangidwa ndi selo imodzi.

Habitat

Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tochepa kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kupulumuka mu zikhalidwe zosafunikira kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zina. Amakhala mabakiteriya pamtunda, m'nyanja, mlengalenga, komanso m'matupi a zamoyo zina. Kwa mabakiteriya, nkofunika kuti malowa azikwaniritsa zofunikira zawo: gawo lapansi liri ndi zakudya, chinyezi chikwanira kukhala ndi moyo, dzuwa silingatenge (popeza zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zikuwopa kwambiri mankhwalawa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda).

M'nthaka

Mosakayikira, mabakiteriya ochuluka kwambiri ali m'nthaka. Mwachilengedwe cha humus, pafupifupi zinthu zabwino kwambiri pamoyo wa zamoyo zosawuntha. Kuno, chakudya chambiri, chinyezi chodziŵika bwino, ndipo palibe dzuwa lenileni. Ngati zinthu zili zoyenera, palibe mtundu umodzi wa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tingathe kukhala mu nthaka ndikuchuluka. Awa ndi saprophytes ndi mabakiteriya omwe amatuluka mumtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'chilengedwe, akutsitsa zamoyo zina zomwe zimadya zomera. Mapangidwe a microflora iyi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndipo amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Awa ndiwo arbelacteria, spirochetes, ndi alga -green green algae. Apa, bowa ndi mavairasi amakhala. Zikudziwika kuti mumitsinje ya mchenga yomwe ili ndi aerobic ochulukirapo, ndipo imayenda - anaerobic. Chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya m'nthaka chikuphwanya zolemba zonse. Mu gramu imodzi ya humus (malingana ndi njira yowonongeka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, yotengedwa ndi Vinogradsky), zamoyo mamiliyoni mazana osawoneka ndi maso amatha kupezeka. Pofuna "kuwerengera" zamoyo, zimakhala zojambulidwa ndi mapangidwe apaderadera, ndipo zimakhala zooneka bwino mu microscope. Ndipo mu chuma chernozems, chiŵerengero cha zolengedwa izi chikhoza kufika kufika biliyoni pa gramu ya dothi. Ndipotu, mabakiteriyawo amachilenga, osayima kaye kagawidwe kake ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.

Madzi ndi mpweya

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kudzichepetsa. Monga momwe tikudziwira kale, mabakiteriya akhoza kukhala kumalo aliwonse omwe angawoneke ngati osangalatsa. Izi zimagwira ntchito m'madzi (makamaka ngati palibe madzi akuyenda). Apa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhutitsidwa ndi chimodzi mwa magawo akulu - kukhalapo kwa chinyezi, popanda zomwe sangathe kuchita popanda. Ndipo pali zakudya zambiri m'madzi ndi mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja kwa mabakiteriya ambiri. Kotero, ndi chakudya chokwanira, mu magalamu angapo a madzi pakhoza kukhala mamiliyoni ambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zina mwazo - ndizoopsa kwa anthu.

• Salmonella imayambitsa matenda opatsirana m'mimba. Ndi zilonda mwa anthu, pangakhale ululu m'magazi, malungo, kusanza. Monga kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito mazira a ultraviolet ndi kutentha kwautali kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama.
• Shigella ndi amene amachititsa kuti amwazidwe. Ngati kugonjetsedwa, msinkhu wa kukana kwa thupi kumachepa, chitetezo cha m'mimba chimachepa. Zizindikiro zazikulu: kusanza, kunyowa, kutsekula m'mimba. Kuchiza, kutentha kwa thupi kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali, kusungunula.
• Vibrio cholera. Ngakhale akukhulupirira kuti masiku ano matendawa, ogonjetsedwa, akugonjetsedwa, mabakiteriyawa amapezekabe m'chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo m'madzi) ndipo amawopsyeza miyoyo ya anthu. Kupewa - otentha, mafyuluta, ultraviolet.

Komanso, mabakiteriya ambiri alipo mlengalenga, koma amagwiritsa ntchito chilengedwechi makamaka chifukwa choyenda mu danga, kumalo atsopano. Ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tambiri komanso tinyontho, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timatuluka m'mlengalenga, nthawi zina timagonjetsa kutalika kwakukulu, timagwera ndi nthaka zomwe zimakhala pansi.

Blue-green algae

Pa mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timene timakhala m'madzi, mungathe kusiyanitsa makamaka algae wobiriwira. Mwa njira, algae omwe amawatcha molakwika, amatchula mabakiteriya ndipo tsopano akutchedwa cyanobacteria. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo timeneti timakhala tizilombo ta stromatolites, mabakiteriya omwe akhala padziko lapansi kuposa zaka biliyoni zitatu zapitazo. Cyanobacteria ndiwo okhawo mabakiteriya omwe amatha kujambula zithunzi, zotsatira zake ndi kupanga mpweya. Zimaphatikizapo mtundu wa chlorophyll ndi phycocyanins, kupereka mtundu wobiriwira. Mabakiteriya ameneŵa ali ambiri m'chilengedwe. Malo awo - mabheseni a madzi, gombe, miyala yofiira, makungwa a mitengo, dothi. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndi tanthauzo la buluu-green green algae omwe amakhala kulikonse ndiko kutulutsa oksijeni chifukwa cha photosynthesis. Kotero, mwachindunji, pamodzi ndi ena oimira zomera, amathandizira kupanga mapangidwe a dziko lapansi. Ndipo kalelo, malinga ndi akatswiri amakono a sayansi, makolo a tizilombo ting'onoting'ono amatipanga mlengalenga.

Momwemonso pathogenic tizilombo

Izi ndizo makamaka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zikhoza kuvulaza pazifukwa zina, koma muzochitika zachikhalidwe "salowerera ndale". Zamoyo zoterezi ndizochuluka m'thupi laumunthu, zimapanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Awa ndi entococci, E. coli, staphylococcus ndi fungus, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti zikhale pathogenic. Koma mu thupi la munthu wathanzi yemwe ali ndi chitetezo chabwino ichi, monga lamulo, sizikuchitika.