Mavuto njira zothetsera ndi njira yothetsera iwo

Kuthetsa mavuto njira zothanirana ndi gawo lofunika wa Inde umagwirira mu sukulu ano. Ana ambiri, pali mavuto pochita kuwerengetsera kugwirizana ndi kusowa kwa malingaliro za ndondomeko ntchito. Pendani mawu ena monga njira ya vuto zimapangidwira, ndi zitsanzo za njira okonzeka zopangidwa.

Chiwerengero ndende

Ntchito idzagwiritsa pokonzekera chisankho kufanana. Popeza kuti mtundu uwu wa ndende chimaoneka mu mbali mwa kulemera, n'zotheka kudziwa zili mankhwala mu njira.

Anati kuchuluka ndi khalidwe kachulukidwe wa njira akufuna kuti vutolo. Malinga mtundu wa ntchito, m'pofunika kudziwa ndende latsopano chidwi, kuwerengera Unyinji wa nkhani kuwerengera buku la yankho.

Ndende molar

Mavuto ena mu ndende njira imakhudzana ndi mtima kuchuluka kwa thunthu mu buku la zosungunulira. The mayunitsi a mtengo uwu Mole / l.

Maphunziro kulowa kwa mtundu uwu kudzachitika pokhapo pa mlingo mkulu sukulu.

ntchito makamaka pa njira

Pano pali njira zothetsera vuto zimapangidwira ndi kusankha Amasonyezanso zochita pamene parsing. Kuyamba, tiona kuti n'zotheka kuti zojambula kumvetsa njira anafotokoza mu maphunziro zinachitikira. Ngati n'koyenera, munthu akhoza kujambula ntchito ndi tebulo lomwe koyamba namfunsa zedi zaperekedwa.

cholinga 1

Chotengera munali malita 5 15% njira ya mchere, anatsanulira malita asanu ndi awiri a madzi. Kudziwa kuchuluka ndende ya thunthu mu njira yatsopano.

Pofuna kudziwa mtengo wolakalakika, amaimira X. Mu chiwerengero kachulukidwe kuwerengetsa zili thunthu mu njira yoyamba ngati 5 kuchulukitsa ndi 0,15 timapeza magalamu 0,75.

Kenako ife kuwerengera kulemera kwa njira yatsopano, anapatsidwa kuti anazitsanulira mwa malita 7 madzi, ndi kupeza magalamu 12.

Kupeza zili kuchuluka kwa mchere mu njira yochokera mtima wa mtengo imeneyi timapeza: (0.75: 12) X 100% = 6,25%

Chitsanzo china ntchito kugwirizana ndi ntchito kuwerengetsera wa chiwerengero masamu.

ntchito 2

Zingati mkuwa ndi kulemera ayenera zidzawonjezedwa kwa chidutswa cha mkuwa ndi yolemera makilogalamu 8, munali peresenti 13 koyera zitsulo, kuonjezera kuchuluka zamkuwa 25%.

mavuto amenewo njira zimafunika choyamba kudziwa misa zamkuwa oyera ndi aloyi koyamba. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero masamu. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti misa ndi: 8 × 0.13 = 1.04 makilogalamu

Kutenga anakhumba kufunika kwa × (magalamu), pamene aloyi latsopano timapeza phindu lake (1.04 + x) makilogalamu. Sonyezani kulemera kwa aloyi chifukwa timapeza: (8 + x) makilogalamu.

Vuto la zili zitsulo mu kuchuluka mu aloyi latsopano ndi 25 peresenti, mukhoza kulenga aone kuti pali masamu.

njira zosiyanasiyana vuto monga zinthu mayeso kuti atsimikize mlingo wa chidziwitso cha makalasi nkhani khumi. Iripano zikhalidwe ndi zochita za ntchito za mtundu uwu.

ntchito 3

Kudziwa buku (m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa) mpweya omwe anasonkhana pambuyo utsogoleli wa 0,3 mol aluminiyamu oyera 160 ml ya ofunda 20% hydroxide potaziyamu njira (1.19 g / ml).

The ndondomeko ya anapezazo mu vuto ili:

1. Choyamba kudziwa kulemera kwa njira.
2. Kenako kuwerengera ndalama ya soda.
3. Magawo analandira akuyerekezedwa ndi mzake, kuchepa kwa anatsimikiza. kuwerengetsera wotsatira ikuchitika pa thunthu, kutengeramo zedi osakwanira.
4. Kulemba aone kuti pali chifukwa zimene zikuchitika pakati zipangizo yoyambira, ife kukonza koefishienti stereochemical. Timachita mawerengedwe mu aone kuti pali lapansi.

Kulemera ntchito ntchito soda njira ndi 160 × 1.19 = 190.4 ga

Kulemera kwa chinthu adzakhala magalamu 38,08. Kuchuluka kwa soda anatengedwa - 0,68 Mole. Limati chikhalidwe chimene kuchuluka kwa zotayidwa 0,3 mol, choncho pano kusowa izi zitsulo makamaka.

kuwerengetsera wotsatira kulinyamula pomwepo. Iwo likukhalira kuti buku mpweya adzakhala 0,3 × 67.2 / 2 = 10.08 malita.

Mavuto njira zothetsera a mtundu wa ophunzirawo chifukwa manyazi pazipita. The chifukwa neotrabotannosti kanthu mindandanda, komanso kusapezeka kwa malingaliro anapanga za kuwerengetsera zofunika masamu.

ntchito 4

Mavuto pa "njira zothetsera mavuto" zingaphatikizepo mtima wa mankhwala oyera pa kuchuluka anakonzeratu zosafunika. Pano pali chitsanzo cha ntchito imeneyi kwa anyamata chiyani osadzuka mavuto ake kukhazikitsa.

Kuwerengetsa buku mpweya analandira pansi zochita za moyikirapo sulfuric asidi mu 292,5 ga mchere ndi 20% zosafunika.

The ndondomeko ya zochita:

1. Popeza kuti mu vuto amatanthauza pamaso pa 20 peresenti zosafunika, m'pofunika kuthandauza zili chinthu ndi kulemera (80%).
2. N'kukulemberani mankhwala anachita aone kuti pali, ife kukonza koefishienti stereochemical. Ndalama kusanduka mpweya voliyumu mawerengedwe ntchito buku molar.

Kulemera kwa chinthu, zochokera chakuti pali zosafunika analandira magalamu 234. Ndipo pa masovedwe wa aone kuti pali izi, timapeza kuti voliyumu ndi wofanana ndi malita 89,6.

cholinga 5

Kodi zina mwa maphunziro pa sukulupo mu vuto umagwirira pa njira? Pano pali chitsanzo ntchito kugwirizana ndi kufunika kuwerengera Unyinji wa mankhwala.

Kukuthandiza sulfide (II), ndi kulemera kwa 95,6 ga, ali anachitira ndi Botolo 300 yankho 30% ya hydrogen peroxide (kachulukidwe 1,1222 g / ml). The mankhwala anachita ndi (mu magalamu) ...

Ndondomeko kuthetsa vutolo:

1. Zinthu Solutions kumasulira kudzera kufanana kulemera.
2. Kenako, ife kudziwa kuchuluka kwa aliyense chigawo kuyambira.
3. Pambuyo poyerekezera zotsatira analandira, ife kusankha zinthu amene walandiridwa zedi osakwanira.
4. Asayansi anawatengera chimodzimodzi monga thunthu kutenga negative.
5. Salisiyanitsa mogwirizana mankhwala ndi kuwerengera kulemera kwa chinthu chosadziwika.

Kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa ndi peroxide njira, zinali magalamu 336,66. Kulemera kwa chinthu zizigwirizana magalamu 100,99. Kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho, zidzakhala 2,97. sulfide kutsogolera ndi 95.6 / 239 = 0.4 mol (ali kusowa).

Salisiyanitsa mogwirizana mankhwala. Kudziwa malinga chiwembu ndi kupeza phindu Napempha kwa magalamu 121,2.

ntchito 6

Pezani mpweya wambiri (mol) amene angathe kukonzekera ndi annealing ikukhudzana makilogalamu 5,61 cha sulfide zachitsulo (II), ali ndi chiyero cha 80%.

Kayendesedwe:

1. Ife kuwerengetsa kulemera ukonde wa FeS.
2. Lembani aone kuti pali mankhwala anachita ndi mpweya wa mlengalenga. Pogwira kuwerengetsera kwa zotani.

Ndi koyera mankhwala kulemera adzakhala 4488, chiwerengero cha chigawo wapezeka ndi 51 lita.

chandamale 7

Wa malita 134.4 (NTP) wa okusayidi sulfure (4) yankho linakonzedwa. Kuti izo kukumana pamodzi 1.5 lita 25% njira ya hydroxide ndi sodium (1.28 g / ml). Kudziwa kulemera kwa mchere chifukwa.

The mawerengedwe aligorivimu:

1. Timayembekezera kulemera njira soda monga njira.
2. Ife tikupeza kulemera ndi chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho a hydroxide ndi sodium.
3. Kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa yofanana okusayidi sulfure (4).
4. The chiŵerengero cha index analandira anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera mchere anapanga umakhala sangathe. kuwerengetsera The ankachiritsa pa negative.
5. Lembani mankhwala anachita ndi koefishienti kuwerengetsa kulemera latsopano chifukwa chosowa mchere.

Chifukwa, ife kupeza:

• kuchuluka kwa njira soda 1171.875 magalamu;
• ndi kulemera kwa hydroxide ndi sodium kupanga magalamu 292,97;
• mu timadontho-timadontho zinthu munali 7,32 mol;
• ofanana khalidwe kuwerengera okusayidi sulfure (4), timapeza 6 mol;
• zikutanthauza mchere adzakhala popangidwa ndi mogwirizana ndi;
• Ife tifika magalamu 756.

chandamale 8

Magalamu 100 10% njira ya mankhwala enaake ammonium kukumana pamodzi 100 ga yankho 10% ya nitrate siliva. Kudziwa kulemera (mu magalamu) precipitate.

The mawerengedwe aligorivimu:

1. Ife kuwerengera misa ndi kuchuluka kwa thunthu la mankhwala enaake ammonium.
2. Timayembekezera kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu mchere - nitrate siliva.
3. Kudziwa zipangizo likuyamba unatengedwa zedi osakwanira, kuchita kuwerengetsera pomwepo.
4. Lembani aone kuti pali anachita zikuchitika, ife adzakunyamula kutuluka ndi mawerengedwe a misa chitayiko.

Holrida ammonium kulemera ndi 10 ga, chiwerengero cha - 0,19 Mole. Silver nitrate anali anatengedwa magalamu 10, ndiye 0,059 Mole. Mu kuwerengetsera wa nedosttaku kupeza magalamu 8,46 ya misa mchere.

Pofuna kuchepetsa ntchito za Masautso zomwe zimaperekedwa pa omaliza mu chinayi ndi khumi kalasi (pa mlingo neogranicheskoy umagwirira), muyenera kukhala ndi ma aligorivimu ndi ena kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta. Komanso, m'pofunika kukhala ndi luso kukafola ndi maikwezhoni mankhwala, kuti athe kukhazikitsa mitengo mu ndondomekoyi.

Popanda luso zazikulu, ngakhale ntchito yosavuta kwambiri kudziwa kuchuluka ndende ya thunthu mu njira kapena osakaniza kuoneka maphunziro zovuta ndi aakulu mayeso.