Mawotchi ukachenjede ku Ukraine: makampani ndi zinthu zilili

Mawotchi Engineering wa Ukraine wakhala kale kale nchito kutsogolera ndi sitima ya chuma. Nawa anaikira akuluakulu zina zamakono mabizinezi galimoto ndi ndege injini, zitsulo, mphamvu, mafakitale chitetezo ndi zina.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha makampani

Umayamba nkhani ya luso lopanga ku Ukraine m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Kukula kwa madipoziti lalikulu malasha beseni ndi Donets ndi chitukuko cha zitsulo chofunika ntchito makina mafakitale, zipangizo, zitsulo. Ulimi, izo amafunika zida bwino ndi tsankho mechanization.

Fakitale loyamba la makina ulimi chinamasulidwa mu 1840 mu Mlieve. mabizinezi Large anali Alexandrovsky Bzalani mu Ekaterinoslav (tsopano Dnepropetrovsk), Chomera Hughes mu Donetsk mbewu "Dnipro" mu Kamensky (tsopano Dnipropetrovsk), masitolo sitima ku Kharkov ndi Lugansk. Patsogolo ulimi mu okwana linanena bungwe mafakitale Ufumu Russian, gawo Ukraine anali 25%.

Latsopano Mpweya makina Ukraine wabweza mkubwela kwa mphamvu Soviet. M'dera ndalama zambiri wakhala padera pomanga amakampani lalikulu. .. Makamaka, Kharkov chopangira mphamvu Bzalani (1929), ndi Kharkov thalakitala Bzalani (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Zamagetsi sitima Bzalani (1934), Kiev oti muli nazo zida chomera (1935), etc. Nkhondo itatha, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu wakhala zomangamanga mafakitale zina zamakono: kuyendetsa ndege, malo roketi, magalimoto, makampani chitetezo, kukonza lolemera, chida kupanga ndi ena.

makhalidwe General

Zotsatira chitukuko cha luso lopanga ku Ukraine akulankhula za kusintha kwakukulu ndi ziŵalo dongosolo lonse la makampani. Against limakhala ubale ndi Russia (poyamba naye yaikulu) ndi kukula kwa mipata katundu ku Europe ku makampani akuluakulu kutuluka monga mavuto ndi katundu wa mankhwala chikhalidwe, komanso ena chiyembekezo cha osiyana kupanga m'tsogolo.

Kuti "Fotokozani makampani ukachenjede ya Ukraine kapangidwe" ndi yankho lenileni. Machine zomanga zovuta la Ukraine zikuphatikizapo zoposa 20 nthambi apadera, 58 kum'mwera nthambi. Ndipotu m'dziko akuimira mitundu yonse analipo a ukachenjede. Malinga ndi lipoti boma 11.267 makampani mayina kapangidwe 146 umene waukulu, 1834 - pafupifupi, ndipo 9287 - yaing'ono. Kapangidwe ntchito za oposa 1.5 miliyoni antchito ali.

Analysis linanena bungwe

Malinga ndi Komiti State Statistics, kupanga makina zomanga lovuta 2011-2013, ndi maziko a makampani lonse ali motere (onani gome.)

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, ngakhale pamaso pa mavuto mu 2014 panali kuchepa mabuku kupanga gawo la 10 8.7%. Ngati Tikayerekeza luso lopanga wa Ukraine ndi dziko, mwa mawu a malonda (monga anthu a makampani okwana) kanjedza zimasiyanasiyana - chiŵerengero ichi kwambiri m'munsi kuposa m'mayiko otukuka. Zotsatira amakhala ndi chitukuko wachisokonezo makina zomanga zovuta.

Khadili wolowa ndi imports

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, katundu wa malonda makina makampani makamaka nkhani maiko CIS, makamaka mu Russian Federation ndi Kazakhstan. Kuchepetsa ntchito ndalama m'misika ikuluikulu zinachititsa kuti kuchepa linanena bungwe makampani katundu.

Malinga ndi State Kafukufuku Komiti ya Ukraine, mu 2011-2013, mabwalo zimagulitsidwa oposa theka kupanga ku mayiko ena. Komabe, kuwonjezeka yoyamba kufunika kwa mankhwala Chiyukireniya pa dziko msika ndi katundu lathu la makina kumanga zovuta cha dziko 2015 anagwetsa stagnation mu makampani.

Ukraine katundu wa zomangamanga, omwe kuitanitsa abwenzi akunja (2014):

• Motors ndi mapampu (okwana ndalama - $ 3 biliyoni).
• zamagetsi ($ biliyoni 2.7).
• W / D mayendedwe ($ 0.8 biliyoni).
• zoyendera Road ($ 0,3 biliyoni).
• mayendedwe Air ($ 0.2 biliyoni).
• Chida ($ 0.2 biliyoni).
• Court ($ 0.1 biliyoni).

malo zomangamanga ku Ukraine

Pachikhalidwe, ambiri makampani ili m'chigawo chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa dzikoli. Iwo amakonda megacities ndi Donbass mafakitale dera. Major zomangamanga masango ndi Kiev, Kharkov ndi Dnepropetrovskiy.

Major zomangamanga ntchito (Ukraine):

• Roketi ndi danga ndi makampani ndege: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Njinga Sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Automotive: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "IVECO-Njinga Sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• Transport zomangamanga: Kharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Bzalani chikutchedwa 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson doko la zombo zapanyanja).
• Lolemera makina: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Works), Donetsk (NPK "Migodi makina"), Sumy (. Sumy Frunze), Kharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "Bolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Transport: Mpira ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Magetsi ndi chida zomangamanga: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-chipangizo").
• Home Appliances: Donetsk ( "Nord").
• Zokhomakhoma: Kharkov (zeze).

makampani magalimoto

Iwo ali mwambo wachuma wa zomangamanga magalimoto ku Ukraine. makampani umabala uthunthu wonse wa mankhwala asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba. Limafotokoza osiyanasiyana mabungwe nawo chitukuko, kupanga ndi kugulitsa galimoto, galimoto zonyamula anthu ndi magalimoto malonda, mabasi, nyumba, njinga zamoto, mopeds, zida zosinthira ndi Chalk.

Malinga ndi mfundo chitukuko cha mafakitale magalimoto mu 2015 ankayembekezera kubala kwa magalimoto okwana 500,000, kuti magalimoto 45.000 20,000 mabasi. Zochita cholowa cha makampani mafakitale zaposachedwapa ndi 0,8-0,6 yekha%, ndipo polenga dziko mankhwala aakulu m'banja - osachepera 0.4-0.3%. Automotive ukachenjede ku Ukraine amakhala ngati underdeveloped, ndi zopereka zake ku dziko chuma zonyozeka. Mu dongosolo la ntchito zosakwana 0.1% onse ntchito mu dziko.

Mu gawo la "magalimoto ndi" pano makamaka SKD zopangidwa yachilendo pakati kalasi (C, B) ndi mlingo wochepa wa kutanthauzira ndi anawonjezera phindu analengedwa pa dera la Ukraine. Nthawi zambiri, Chiyukireniya makampani magalimoto ali makampani pafupifupi 100, yaikulu ya ndizo

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

Lolemera makina Ukraine

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ambiri otukuka boma kumabungwe a dziko, yodziwika ndi ambiri mwa makampani, pamaso pa "amphamvu" yosinthira sukulu, kupanga miyambo. Akalola kugula katundu kunja monga zibwenzi kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Ndisonyezeni: anakumba zinthu zakale, loaders, ladles, amatha kuumba, converters, kudzikonda tamping, kuboola tunneling, foundries, makina msewu, zikepe, mayunitsi kwa akupera, kuwunikira, akupera, Machining, kusakanikirana pansi, ores, mwala ndi zinthu zina mchere.

makampani a ndege

makampani limapangidwa mabungwe oposa 60, omwe chifukwa cha kotala antchito onse a ukachenjede dziko. Maziko a makampani asanu akuluakulu. The angathe makampani ndege limachititsa kuonjezera voliyumu ya chitukuko ndi kupanga ndege, makamaka:

• wodutsa dera ndi ndege mayendedwe;
• injini ndege ndi mbali;
• avionics, lolunjika pa ntchito mauthenga pa Kanema, navigation ndi anaziika;
• Helicopters ndi ndege ndege yaing'ono, makamaka opanda.

Zochitika zingamuthandize monga:

• Ndege "AN" wa zosintha zosiyanasiyana.
• Kupanga injini ndege.
• Helicopters.

mafakitale ena

Machine-chida amalola kukula kwa nthambi zonse za zomangamanga, kupanga miyambo ndi luso. Machine-Chida Bzalani (kutembenukira makina ndi makina zoopsa zoyenera, makina diamondi-wosangalatsa) zili Kharkov, Lvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Lolemera Machine mbewu ukugwira ntchito Kramatorsk (basi mzere).

Chida amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mofulumira sayansi ndi luso patsogolo. Tonga makampani kulenga luso amagetsi mu dziko ndi kupanga kuyanjana "Apa" Severodonetsk ndi "Electronmash" mu Kiev. A osiyanasiyana zipangizo zamagetsi ndipo ena mu Kiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Ulimi makina ukachenjede ya Ukraine amatipatsa alimi ndi zida zina zofunika. The makampani a gawo lino zili m'madera a kumwa mankhwala itatha. mathirakitala Wamphamvu manufactures Kharkov thalakitala Bzalani. Kirovograd fakitale "Red Star" umabala kubowola. Beet nyumba maofesi mu Dnipropetrovsk ndi Ternopil, kuphatikiza okololawo - Kherson ( "Slavutich") ndi Alexandria ( "LAN"), Chimanga - mu Kherson, makina tillage - mu Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. Mawotchi zomangamanga ziweto ndi forage kupanga ali anaikira mu Uman, Novograd Volyn, wokongola wakale mzinda, Coloma, Mpingo White.

Shipbuilding ku Ukraine ndi anaikira mu nyanja yaikulu (Black Sea, ndi Azov Sea) ndi mtsinje (p. Dnipro) madoko. ziwiya m'madzi anamumanga Nikolayev ndi Kherson, mtsinje ndi nyanja - mu Kiev. Sitima akugwira ntchito ku Odessa, Mariupol.

Transport makina manufactures sitima ndi ngolo. Malo ndi Lugansk sitima, Kharkov (sitima), Dnipropetrovsk; galimoto nyumba - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. Katundu njanji thanki magalimoto chopangidwa mu Mariupol. Sitima kukonza Chomera ntchito m'mizinda ikuluikulu zoyendera.

Mawotchi zomangamanga mu zikhalidwe za kusakanikirana European

Akatswiri adalosa kodi bytmashinostroenie Ukraine kwa kusakanikirana European. Kusaina sikapangano Association pakati Ukraine ndi European Union amapereka zosabvuta pa utuluke malonda pakati pa maiko, kuyambira January 1, 2016. Ndipo kuyambira April 2014 oyamba a EU zokonda unilateral malonda kwa Ukraine kale chinathandiza kuwonjezeka wolowa katundu wa zomangamanga ndi kuchepetsa muyezo zoipa malonda akunja ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya mankhwala luso lopanga.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku ku State Kafukufuku Service la Ukraine, cholowa cha luso lopanga mu 2014 nkhani 18,3% ya wolowa ndi 23,8% ya imports katundu, ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi 2015, motero, 11,7% ndi 20,8%. Mu 2015 kachitidwe kuchepetsa zolowa za mafakitale. Pa nthawi yomweyo, okwana wolowa katundu wa zomangamanga gawo mu EU anachokera 30.4 (2014) kuti 43,4% (zoyambirira 2015).

Ziwerengero akavalidwe

Khalidwe chitukuko cha luso lopanga ku Ukraine limasonyeza kuti si mafakitale onse ndinazolowera zenizeni latsopano zachuma. Mu misika ya kunja wamkulu kufunika boilers, makina, zipangizo zamagetsi, nyukiliya. cholowa chawo chokwanira mwa dongosolo la wolowa makampani ku EU ndi 40%. Pakati Ogula zakunja akuluakulu kuoneka (2014):

• Hungary (kuchuluka kwa $ miliyoni 270.6).
• Germany ($ 239.8 miliyoni).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech Republic ($ 80 miliyoni).

ziyembekezo

Ukraine, amene zomangamanga kupangika zokwanira, komabe akufunika zina zamakono makina, zipangizo chigawo mbali kupanga yachilendo. Kuwonjezeka imports magalimoto, mathirakitala, kuphatikiza okololawo, zipangizo banja, makina lolemera. The mabuku waukulu wa mankhwala kunja kwa:

• Germany (kuchuluka kwa $ miliyoni 577.9).
• Poland ($ 255.1 miliyoni).
• Italy ($ 160.9 miliyoni).
• Czech Republic ($ 116.8 miliyoni).
• France ($ 101.4 miliyoni).

Khalani limasonyeza kuti kusaina sikapangano Association amapereka ubwino kuposa ngozi. pofuna zimadalira m'mene msanga kusonkhezera Ukraine adzakhala kusinthana kwa mutu ndi mwayi mutu chiopsezo.

kuopsa

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikulepheretsa kuchulukitsa bukuli ndi kukonzanso kayendedwe kogwirizanitsa ntchito zamakono ndikupezeka kwazitsulo zamakono zogulitsa malonda pakati pa Ukraine ndi mayiko ena akunja. Ngozi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwapadera kwa zopanga makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina, pogwiritsa ntchito msika wa Russia ndi malamulo awo. Makamaka osatetezeka anali mafakitale apamwamba: m'magulu a ndege, magulu a asilikali, mafakitale, malo omanga, malo openda malo.

Makampani ogulitsa mafakitale, omwe malonda awo ali ndi phindu lapamwamba, ndi kofunika kuti akhale ndi luso lotha kusintha mofulumira kumalo akunja, kuti apange zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zofunika za makasitomala. Izi zikhoza kuthandizidwa posintha chitsanzo cha bizinesi, kupita ku chitsanzo cha kasamalidwe ka mavuto. Kwa makampani ambiri osasinthasintha, pali chitsanzo chomwe chimagwirizanitsa njira zazikuluzikulu: kasamalidwe ka moyo wamagetsi, chitukuko chatsopano, kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa makasitomale, malonda ndi kayendedwe ka dongosolo ndi chithandizo. Mulimonsemo, makampani opanga makina ku Ukraine akuyembekezera kusintha kwakukulu. Chimene iwo ati adzakhale - nthawi idzati.