Mbiri ya galasi papezeka ku Russia ndi ku dziko. Luso lopanga othimbirira galasi

Mawu "papezeka galasi" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin monga "galasi". Iye ndi chimodzi cha mitundu kwambiri woyengeka ndi wapadera luso, wolemera mu mbiri ndi ntchito njira zake. A mwachidule mbiri ya chiyambi cha galasi papezeka adzatiuza owerenga nkhaniyi.

Background galasi othimbirira

Mphunzitsi, potiuza nthano ya othimbirira galasi ana m'kalasi, kuyamba ndi zimayambitsa cha chiyambi chake. Zikamera wa chitukuko woyamba kugwirizana ndi zinthu zambiri. Zinali ndiye, nayamba kutulutsa galasi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndinaphunzira kuchita izo zokongola ndi ntchito azikongoletsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Aliyense chikhalidwe, unali makamaka yake ntchito magalasi amenewa:

• Sumerians wokometsedwera madenga a akachisi awo.
• Aiguputo ndi mwauzimu bala galasi anapanga therefrom ziwiya akuda.
• Aroma ndi Agiriki anali akatswiri kupanga Miphika yakale yoyendera makapu ndi ziboliboli kukongoletsa ndi zambiri zodzikongoletsera.

atulukira onsewa pachibwenzi ku chiyambi cha yachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. Patapita zaka chikwi Asiriya aphunzira kuwomba galasi, ndipo izi wafunsira mbiri ya chitukuko othimbirira galasi.

Maonekedwe a choyamba galasi othimbirira

Mu mbiri ya maonekedwe a galasi papezeka unalibe tsiku lenileni. Koma ife tikudziwa kuti mu nyengo ya chikhristu anakhala munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito galasi wachikuda kupanga zithunzi zosavuta. Ndi putty yakwera pa bolodi kapena mazenera chokongoletsedwa. Ndipo mkubwela kwa makachisi woyamba wa chitukuko alandira Byzantine othimbirira galasi. ndakatulo Laudatory ndi mafotokozedwe a nyimbo galasi anali ndakatulo wotchuka wa m'zaka za zana lachinayi kapena lachisanu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, papezeka galasi Ufumuyo tanthauzo Mulungu, ndi kuwala kudutsa iwo anali poyerekeza ndi mzimu woyera.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Mwatsoka, nthawi yathu ndipo sizinawakhudze chakhumi m'ma papezeka galasi mazenera zilili lonse. Iwo akhoza ankangoona makombo otsala ndiponso matepi a ndakatulo. Koma m'tsogolo mtundu uwu wa luso Anthu ambiri anayala ndi chitukuko cha m'mayiko onse. Tiyeni tione nkhani za chiyambi cha papezeka-galasi mazenera, kusintha masitaelo ndi luso lililonse nyengo.

Romanesque othimbirira galasi

Nkhani ya galasi papezeka limatiuza kuti chikondi anatuluka m'zaka khumi ndi akadali zinali zogwirizana ndi atumwi. Iwo anakhala woyamba tingachipeze powerenga papezeka-galasi mazenera, imene fano unapangidwa kuchokera zidutswa za galasi akuda ndi mbiri za zitsulo.

NKHANI Romanesque othimbirira galasi:

• akanatha iwo, osati onse a mtengo mkulu, kuyambira limatsogolera ndi galasi ikuwomba njira zinali zovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi wonyeketsa;
• panali ena ambuye kwa zogula nazo wa wopyapyala galasi ndi akatswiri mu dongosolo mwachindunji kukonzedwa adakula khalidwe la Romanesque papezeka-galasi mazenera;
• yopangira ndi gulu limodzi anatenga oposa zana zidutswa zosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu;
• othimbirira galasi nthawi imeneyi yodziwika ndi zilema monga matuza, m'goli, abrasions, koma siti aipsa maonekedwe awo, ndi kuwapatsa wapadera ndi wokondeka mu njira yake.

Machinery zotsimikizira Romanesque othimbirira galasi:

• kuyamba mbuye anatenga pamwamba matabwa, ndi maonekedwe ake zafotokozedwa mwaluso m'tsogolo;
• aliyense mchitidwe chitsanzo osankhidwa zithunzi (mawonekedwe ndi kukula);
• zidutswa anali ntchito kwa mtundu Napempha kwa kupaka utoto pambuyo zipolopolo m'ng'anjo kulimbitsa chitsanzo;
• mosaicking zinachitika mu chifanizo lonse pogwiritsa ntchito casements yopapatiza wa kutsogolera;
• monga mazenera m'masiku amenewo anali aakulu (pafupifupi mamita), kulimbana kwakukuru ndi mtendere wa zikuchokera zikuluzikulu nakhala mapanelo angapo ang'onoang'ono.

Katswiri wa nyengo Romanesque:

• Khristu ndi mutu wa Veyssemburgskogo Abbey Alsace;
• zikuchokera aneneri anayi Old Testament mu Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Ascension a Khristu" mu Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Pamtanda ndi kuuka kwa akufa" pa mazenera a tchalitchi ku Poitiers;
• atatu papezeka-galasi zenera cha Utatu Woyera mu tchalitchi mu Chartres.

Gothic othimbirira galasi

Mbiri ya galasi papezeka (Gothic) ali kunayambira ku 1144. Abbot Sergio pomanga mpingo wa ku Saint-Denis, wodzazidwa angapo medallions ofukula zenera. Chachikulu kusiyana pa kalembedwe Romanesque wa zikuchokera chinali chifukwa chakuti aliyense medallion awulule mphindi kwambiri mbiri.

Features wa Gothic papezeka-galasi mazenera:

• mu matchalitchi anayamba kuculuka chiwerengero cha mawindo kulembetsa awo kalembedwe Gothic;
• zomangamanga Zimenezi zachititsa msanga zinatchuka ndipo anayamba mu England ndi France;
• othimbirira galasi nthawi yotsiriza anapereka kachisi wa mdima, amagwirizana ndi zoyipa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo a chikhulupiriro chachikulu, unazunguliridwa mu kwambiri monsemo; chiŵerengero uyu anali wangwiro ndiponso ananyamula tanthauzo lachinsinsi;
• mitundu kenako zimalimbikitsa wofiira ndi wabuluu pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi opepuka kuti unachitikira mkati ngati kuli kotheka kuwala;
• atasinthidwa mitundu mipata zenera;
• France anatulukira njira yatsopano ya powunikira - grisaille, amene zomwenso kwagona kuwala chowala othimbirira galasi anaikidwa mdima m'madera bulky, kuwalola iwo akuyatsa; pa nthawi, chiwerengero cha njira ya kalembedwe adakhala kwambiri.

Wotchuka othimbirira galasi mazenera, wopangidwa kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga Gothic, ili mu tchalitchi mu Chartres. Kuti n'zosavuta mme- chiyanjano pakati mazenera otchuka, zomangamanga zolunda ndi mkati mfundo danga. The otaya ambiri cheza mumdima, ndipo mdimawo amapereka zotsatira zidzasintha ndi chidwi - ichi ndi kukongola kwa Gothic. Komanso mu tchalitchi pali peculiarity limeneli kenaka linafalikira mu dziko - ndi zenera pa Latin chitsanzo mtanda. Iwo anapereka moyo wa Virgin. Ndipo mu mazenera zokhazikapo limasonyeza Khristu ndi Virgin Mary.

Othimbirira galasi mazenera a Kubadwa Kwatsopano

A yoweyula atsopano a chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kamangidwe, chikwiyire zochitika zoopsa monga nkhondo ndi mliri. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, anthu asiya kuika mpingo mu malo oyamba ndipo anapita njira yamoyo wakudziko. Iwo kwambiri motengera pofuna kukwaniritsa galasi othimbirira.

Features papezeka-galasi mazenera a Kubadwa Kwatsopano:

• khamu njira bwino ntchito ndi galasi;
• zinali zomvetsa Kutulukira banga siliva, kwambiri chinawonjezeka mlingo wa zithunzi kwaiye;
• mitundu chagwiritsidwa mwachindunji galasi, n'zotheka kupeza zosiyanasiyana mithunzi zachilendo;
• Zithunzi kuyang'ana kwambiri voluminous ndi yowala;
• France ndi Italy ndi madera aakulu kwa kupanga papezeka-galasi mazenera;
• mu medallions otchuka, osati masentimita oposa makumi atatu, akhala zizindikiro za chi.

Zitsanzo za Kubadwa Kwatsopano papezeka:

• zenera Florence Cathedral ndi ambuye Italy;
• mazenera obisika mu Kenigsfeldene;
• othimbirira-galasi mazenera mu nyumba yopemphereramo Besserer mu Ulm Minster.

Othimbirira High Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi othimbirira galasi mbuye opangidwa ndi chiwembu chakale mpaka panali ambuye monga Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo. Iwo anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chikhalidwe dziko, kuphatikizapo zochitika za luso la papezeka galasi mu Russia.

Features papezeka-galasi mazenera a High Kubadwa Kwatsopano:

• chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa ambuye a galasi papezeka anali Italy, ndipo anakhala Olemba mumaganiza latsopano;
• luso lothandiza ophatikizana ndi Kuzindikira mbali European wa ulemerero, ndi mitundu bulky;
• Iwo anayamba kupanga latsopano makina galasi processing, kupanga izo mandala zambiri ziwale;
• kuwonjezera siliva, ndipo anatulukira etchant wofiira;
• Master anayamba amakonda mtundu chiwembu, ndi zisawalepheretse mitundu ndi zithunzi za zimamvekera;
• mipata mu mazenera wakulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo anafika kufanana chachikulu.

Chitsanzo cha papezeka-galasi mazenera a High Kubadwa Kwatsopano:

• "Mtengo wa Jese" mu Beauvais;
• mazenera yaikulu ya Cathedral wa Brussels;
• "Kuchotsedwa kwa Heliodorus ku Kachisi" mu tchalitchi mu Gouda.

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi imatengedwa omaliza pachimake pa galasi othimbirira mu Ages Middle. Komanso, kupanga galasi luso ndi zojambula dongosolo akhala patsogolo mofulumira kwambiri. The mzaka zana makumi awiri anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa njira kupanga wodetsedwa.

History of maonekedwe a galasi othimbirira ku Russia

Russian papezeka galasi kulibe mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Only anthu olemera asangalale naye ku katswiri kunja. Chinthu ndi mipingo aang'ono sali m'gulu othimbirira galasi, ndi chikhalidwe ngati si akufunika mawonekedwe luso. Iwo anawonekera yomweyo zinatchuka mwa ntchito za ambuye European.

Mbiri ya othimbirira galasi mu Russia:

• XVII m'ma - koyamba kwa galasi othimbirira;
• m'ma XVIII - ndi stagnation mu chitukuko cha sanali profitability;
• chiyambi cha m'ma XIX - malowedwe mwapang'onopang'ono zithunzi cha magalasi akuda, mu chikhalidwe Russian;
• ndi cha m'ma XIX - kugwiritsa ntchito yogwira galasi wodetsedwa; Mfumu ndi anthu ena olemera ayamba mafashoni European ndipo anayamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito azikongoletsa zigawo zawo; ndiye anali wodetsedwa ndipo mipingo;
• kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX - anamanga zokambirana ambiri pa luso, komanso kupenta ndi sukulu makalasi;
• zoyambirira za XX m'ma - papezeka galasi luso anayamba kutha chifukwa cha kutha kwa Art Nouveau, ndipo kenako chifukwa cha mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World;
• ndi cha m'ma XX - othimbirira galasi chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe Soviet, adzakhala ndi mankhwala wapadera, wosiyana zojambula koyambirira ndi m'maganizo ake ndi ambiguity.

Wotchuka Russian othimbirira galasi mazenera:

• othimbirira galasi ulemerero wa St. Alexander Nevsky Mpingo;
• Chapel mu Tsarskoye Selo;
• The Russian Society Geographical ku St. Petersburg;
• "Ascension wa Khristu" St. Isake Cathedral.

Othimbirira Glass: Akale ndi Ano

M'nkhaniyi takambirana mbali mbiri mitundu papezeka mu Nthawi osiyana, ndinkakonda kutembenukira kwa luso ano. Othimbirira galasi mazenera a nthawi yathu kumeneko kuti kupereka chipinda kukongola wapadera ndi kalembedwe. A zambiri njira galasi yopanga, chitukuko cha kamangidwe ndi mafashoni akhala mphindi chifungulo cha zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya luso.

Mitundu ya makono ya galasi othimbirira:

• Sandblast papezeka - galasi zikuchokera, anapanga njira zikutchinga ndi kugwirizana zomvetsera wamba lathu. Anapanga padziko lonse, kawirikawiri mu mtundu wina.
• Mose othimbirira galasi - wapangidwa particles za kukula yomweyo, chokhala ndi zithunzi. Izo zikhoza kukhala maziko kapena fano Pachithunzipa.
• Kuzikongoletsa othimbirira galasi - chithunzi kulengedwa kuchokera zidutswa munthu wa mawonekedwe galasi anakhumba ndi mtundu, zambiri popanda kuwonjezapo iliyonse.
• Kusakaniza - galasi, amene analemba za Akusonkhanitsa, ndi sintered ndi mnzake mu malo pakati. Ngakhale mu mtundu uwu monga vpekanie ena zinthu zakunja m'chifanizo komaliza.
• Priming othimbirira - tichipeza galasi TACHIMATA ndi mizere chithunzi pakati. Chilichonse ladzala ndi utoto wapadera kapena varnish.
• Zinakhazikika papezeka - akonzedwa a magalasi chopangidwa mwa luso etching ndi inakula umodzi tanthauzo.
• Soldering othimbirira galasi - wapangidwa akuda galasi anakonza chimango otsogolera losindikizidwa pa malo. Njira wamkulu, amene anafika ngakhale ku Middle Ages.
• Mbali papezeka - ndi anasonkhana ntchito galasi, ndi mbali zimene poyamba achotsedwa. Njira ina - ndi ntchito za nthaka ndi opukutidwa galasi.
• Tikaphatikiza othimbirira galasi - zikuchokera, imodzi pophatikiza mitundu yambiri ya galasi wodetsedwa. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuti iyende chodabwitsa, kupanga katswiri moona pachiyambi.

Tiffany othimbirira Glass

Lewis Tiffany anali tate wa kalembedwe ake ndi njira ya kulenga othimbirira galasi, amene anakhala wotchuka padziko lonse. Iye nthawi yaitali ntchito pa kusankha zipangizo, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - pa njira kukonza galasi, monga njira ake akale yosayenera. Kodi chinachitika pa chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi, kwathunthu ndimachita soldering othimbirira galasi. Kotero osiyana za njira imeneyi kwa ena ndi chifukwa chake mu mbiri ya galasi mazenera Tiffany papezeka ali pakati yapamwamba kwambiri, tione.

NKHANI Tiffany-kalembedwe:

1. Mtundu. Kuwala kwakhala muyezo wofunika kwambiri Lyuisa Tiffani pamene ntchito ndi galasi wodetsedwa. Iye anayesera kuti tikwaniritse kuposa china kuchuluka ndi chiyambi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu. Nthawi zina mbuye mitundu blended, ndipo nthawizina amaika munthu (kapena angapo) galasi pamwamba pa ena.
2. Zakuthupi. Quality - kuti ndi chizindikiro cha deta kuvomerezedwa papezeka galasi. Musanayambe galasi papezeka nthawi zonse zapita kuyezetsa okhwima, iwo ayenera kukhala wopanda zopindika aliyense ndi kapangidwe yunifolomu.
3. Kuzindikira. Ntchito mbuye zinali zovuta kuzimvetsa, zovuta, wodzala ndi mfundo ndi mitundu kuti nthawi zambiri poyerekeza kupenta.
4. Technology. Kugwirizana pakati pa galasi zinachitika kudutsa mzere mkuwa. Popeza anali lalikulu kuposa galasi yokha, tepiyo otsekeredwa m'mphepete, pa makona a madigiri nainte. zinthu anamaliza ndi inakula ndi ntchito kwa patina lata.
5. Kukwera mtengo. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo akhoza kupezeka mu zopereka payekha, la British American zakale aang'ono.

Asanamwalire, Lewis (1933), kampani wake lotsekedwa, koma njira Tiffany ndi imodzi yabwino, ndipo ntchito - mwaluso la chisunzo.