The avant-garde mu kupenta m'ma 20: oimira Zitsanzo

Chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri zinali zodzaza ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochitika zikuluzikulu: chuma kusintha ndi mapu ndale za dziko, sayansi ndi zambiri. Musakhale patali ndi luso avant-garde zojambulajambula, mafilimu a kanema ndi mabuku wawasinthira mfundo zilandiridwenso ndi maganizo anthu pa icho. malingaliro atsopano kukhala kusintha kwenikweni, amene akupitiriza mphamvu zake pa dziko ngakhale tsopano.

Kodi avant-garde?

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri pakhala mumaganiza angapo komanso maganizo atsopano m'munda wa luso. dzina lawo wamba mawu akuti "vanguard" pomasulira zenizeni ku French ndipo amatanthauza "vanguard". The yachilendo anali wosiyana academicism ndipo anapitiriza mwambo wa modernity. The oimira avant-garde zaluso ankakhulupirira kuti mtheradi ndi ndondomeko ya chilengedwe, osati chomaliza mankhwala. munthu inasanduka chinthu luso. The avant-garde m'zaka za m'ma 20, kupenta akhoza kugawidwa Mitundu angapo chachikulu: Futurism, Surrealism, abstraktivizm, Pop Art, Dada ndi uthenga ulalikidwa-luso. mbali chosiyana ndi nthawi magawano maonekedwe auzimu, osadziletsa ufulu wa kulankhula pamodzi ndi sayansi, njira mawunikidwe kwa ndondomekoyi.

Zikamera ndi kukula

A malangizo atsopano anali mankhwala a chotheka, amalenga mismatch luso lenileni ndi kuika mu izo auzimu. mfundo luso kuchepetsa kuti zongopeka - ndicho chimene chimasiyanitsa avant-garde kupenta. Ojambula zithunzi anachita kanthu zankhanza ndipo analenga nonsensical pa Mwachidule unsembe woyamba wakuti mfundo yaikulu ya panopa. Mpaka mavuto chodabwitsa anali wachabechabe mumtima mwake, akuponyera wowerenga kuitana - ngati iye adzakhala kutisiyanitsa choona ndi mfundo onyenga? Zaluso yofanana ndi avant-garde ndiyeno kuyesera kubwerera miyambo yakale, nzeru zina za kusintha lingaliro pachiyambi.

oimira zosiyanasiyana

Chitsanzo garde ziboliboli Duchamp ananena kuti ndi mbale wamba, anaika pa pedestal ndi. Endi Uorhol analenga zikuchokera zitini. Mu zimenezi kwambiri, kusiyana pakati pa kupenta avant-garde ndi chosema ya chimakono - akamanena za choyamba ndi authoritarian ndi chinyengo, kunyalanyaza ndi sukulu mavuto, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta kwa otsutsa kunyozedwa bwino wophunzira osati omvera chikhalidwe kwambiri.

gulu Fauves

Mmodzi wa mumaganiza kwambiri chidwi alembedwera avant-garde kupenta, anali Fauvism. Gulu la otsatira anatsutsa Impressionists ndi mtima wofuna kukwaniritsa verisimilitude chilengedwe. Pakuti Fauves yodziwika ndi ntchito catchy nyimbo, kukana kaonedwe chikhalidwe. Ojambula zithunzi kuti anatsutsa zokonda bourgeois ndi okonzera luso, kulenga zithunzi kakang'ono. Oimira angatchedwe ojambula zithunzi monga Raúl Dyufi ndi Marquet. Otsiriza, mu ntchito yake zachoka Fauvism kuti Kuzindikira - mu ukonde "Notre Dame," anatha kusonyeza zambiri mwatsatanetsatane mthunzi madzi a khoka, ndi maphunziro a kamangidwe ka pa tchalitchi ndi chinyezi, pokonza contours ake. Anasiya chifukwa chenicheni Vlamin ojambula zithunzi ndi Freese Ukwati primitivist mitu ntchito Andre Derain. Molakwika, zithunzi lachinsinsi zinalengedwa mwa Georges Rouault. Ngakhale ambiri zinathandiza mbali Fauves osati kale kwambiri anakhala chigwirizano, ndipo posakhalitsa inasokonekera.

Henri Matisse

The France, mpaka kalekale analowa mbiri ya luso, anakhala aluso zofunika kwambiri alembedwera avant-garde kupenta. Matisse zojambula kufotokoza kulenga lingaliro lake zikuluzikulu za kumasulidwa kwa mtundu ndi mphamvu pa nsalu zokha ayi lapansi. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kujambula zithunzi zofanana kwambiri ndi nyimbo imene zolemba minomwe basi, ndipo anayesa kupereka zinachitikira paokha zimene anaona ntchito.

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, Matisse anachita chidwi mu chosema cha Africa, ndi Arab kukongoletsa luso ndi woodcuts Japanese, amenenso zimaoneka mu ntchito yake. mbuye zojambula ali kwambiri mithunzi: kwambiri buluu, emarodi wobiriwira, chakuya chikasu. Ntchito odziwika bwino monga zojambula:

• "Dance", analenga mchikakamizo cha nyengo Diaghilev Russian mu Paris ndi Greek woumba kupenta.
• "Music" ndi chithunzi cha kuyimba kusewera zida zidutswa zosiyanasiyana.
• "Red Nsomba" ndi mphamvu kwambiri a mitundu ndi choyambirira planar pomanga kupenta ndi kukanidwa zokhudzana ndi kuya.
• "Nkhono", imodzi mwa ntchito otsiriza, kulengedwa kuchokera pepala chisanafike utoto mitundu lamanja.

abstractionist Kandinsky

Yowala Russian avant-garde kupenta ukufanizidwa ndi wojambula izi. Kandinsky ankayenda ndipo anapeza kudzoza mu akale Russian ndi French luso. mitunda wake zochokera dissonances mtundu ndi malankhulidwe masewera ndi mizere pamapeto pake kwathunthu m'malo ku ntchito yake zithunzi weniweni. Ena mwa zojambula wake wawalankhula zolinga lililonse Russian - mwachitsanzo, "Akaziwo mu crinolines" kapena "moyo zokongola". Mu nthawi pambuyo zisinthe, chithunzicho analenga mndandanda wa likutipatsa "wazolengedwa Small," komwe kunasonyeza Ambiri Amakonda wake ntchito Suprematism aesthetics pamodzi ndi kukongoletsa yowala. Mu 1922 Kandinsky anaitanidwa kukaphunzitsa pa Bauhaus. Kwa zaka zambiri, chithunzicho wagwiritsa ntchito ndi njira ndi yapindula chidwi abstractionism - zisudzo wake inachitika ku Ulaya, ndi ntchito ongolankhula apambananso padziko lonse, kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mfundo zimene ali avant-garde kupenta. Zitsanzo ndi nthawi ya ntchito "zikuchokera 8" ndi "mfundo ndi mzere pa ndege."