Medicine ku Russia: History, Development, Mavuto

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri m'dziko lathu kukhulupirira kuti kupeza dokotala wabwino - ndi kupambana kwakukulu, mofananira kuti adzapambane pa mpikisano. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mankhwala mu Russia tsopano ikuchepa, kotero madokotala tcheru ndipo kwambiri oyenerera, odwala ambiri zitha ndimalota za. Onse atawonetseredwa kwathunthu magawano pakati pa olemera ndi osauka, osanenapo zosiyanasiyana anthu wamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zipatala payekha kupereka utumiki khalidwe kwa wodwala mu mawonekedwe a ntchito nthawi yaitali kopita angapo a kayendetsedwe ka matenda yawo ayamba otchuka.

Mbiri ya mankhwala mu Russia analemba choncho pamene wotchuka dokotala wa zaka za m'ma 19 anakumana pakhomo la wodwala ndi mawu akuti: "Moni, wodwala matenda mitral mtima." Komabe, madokotala - ndi mukusoŵa.

Komanso si popanda tanthauzo mlingo wa maphunziro madokotala m'tsogolo. Chiyambi za kuphunzitsa madokotala a anthu ambiri mu chaka chimodzi, osati kuchepetsa ubwino wa mankhwala ambiri, komanso angathe kuonjezera amafa mwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kukhala dokotala m'zaka 18 kunayenera kuphunzira kwa zaka 7 mpaka 11.

m'ma XVIII. m'badwo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "mankhwala" dziko lathu anali The ntchito pansi Peter I. The Mfumu mwiniwakeyo wofunika kwambiri kwa choncho dokotala, anatsegula mu 1707 sukulu kuchipatala, ndipo mu 1764 - ndi mphamvu ya Medicine pa yunivesite ya Moscow. Medicine mu Russia a nthawi imeneyo anali kusandulika kwa wowerengeka mu sayansi. Ngati maphunziro kale makonzedwe anali ochepa okha opaleshoni, pamene Peter Ine kusukulu m'bapfunzisa sayansi zotsatirazi:

• mankhwala;
• ubongo;
• mano;
• maxillo-nkhope opaleshoni;
• Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi thunthu;
• forensics.

Akatswiri ambiri n'kupita kudziko lina ndipo anatengera zinachitikira madokotala yachilendo. Mfumu yekha molimba chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira ntchito zachipatala ndi bwinobwino anachita pochotsedwa mano ndi ntchito ngati anthu wamba ndi olemekezeka.

m'ma XVIII. chitukuko

Development wa mankhwala mu Russia anali pachimake. M'zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa, zipatala zingapo, chipatala ndi chipatala Psychiatric woyamba anatsegula. Zinali mkubwela kwa otsiriza ndipo anayamba kubadwa kwa maganizo ndi sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zinadziwika mokakamizidwa ndi autopsy wodwala pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Ngakhale ntchito popemphera, vuto zaziwerengero anali zokhumudwitsa chifukwa cha miliri ya nthomba ndi mliri. akuluakulu Medical nthawi Mwachitsanzo SG Zybelin, amagwirizana ndi matenda ambiri ndi imfa mkulu khanda kusowa ukhondo oyenera m'dera lanu.

Mu 90s wa atumwi 18 Moscow University, amene pa nthawi anakhala pakati waukulu wa maphunziro ndi sayansi, analoledwa kukakambirana ndi digiri ya Doctor of Medicine. Choyamba ndinalandira izi aulemu mutu Fi Barsuk-Moiseyev. Medicine mu Russia anali kudzadza ndi ogwira oyenerera.

Kusintha kwa mankhwala a m'zaka za zana XVIII

M'zaka za m'ma 18, wakhala anapanga njira wachibadidwe zatsopano gulu la chithandizo, kuphunzitsa ndi achire mlandu Apothecary. Analenga Apothecary malamulo, waukulu mankhwala Office, Medical Office, komanso kuchita kukonza ndondomeko ya maphunziro komanso mapangidwe mabungwe zachipatala. Choncho, mu 1753 PZ Kondoidi anakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano la maphunziro, zomwe ophunzira linachita ku yunivesite zaka 7 ndipo pamapeto Mwapambana mayeso amawathandiza.

XIX atumwi. kuyambira

Medicine ku Russia m'zaka za m'ma 19, anayamba mosathamanga mofulumira. Pofuna kuphunzira Medicine, kunafuna mabuku apadera. Iwo anayamba kufalitsa periodicals, ndi Buku loyamba pa thunthu, amene umakonzedwa ndi zounikira zachipatala nthawi I. V. Buyalsky ndi E. O. Muhin.

Ankaphunzira obstetrics ndi matenda achikazi. Zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi zochitika kukhala yojambula kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a ziwalo zoberekera wamkazi. Zatsopano inkachitikira kulemekeza dongosolo chapakati mantha, amene anapereka kufotokozera za njira zonse zikuchitika mu thupi.

Akatswiri m'munda umenewu (IE Dyadkovsky, E. O. Muhin, KV Lebedev ndi ena) kuti ankayambitsa ndi anayamba udindo wa chiphunzitso reflex.

M. Ya. Mudrov anakhazikitsa njira kukambirana ndi wodwala, amene analola zina mafunso siteji kuzindikira zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa matenda ndi etiology ake. M'tsogolo, njira imeneyi bwino GA Zakhar'in.

XIX atumwi. chitukuko

Development wa mankhwala mu Russia zinali zodzaza ndi kumalizidwa kwa mndandanda wa miyeso matenda. Makamaka, GI Sokolsky allocated percussion njira mu kafukufuku wa matenda a chifuwa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wasayansi lofalitsidwa ntchito "Pa mayeso zachipatala mothandizidwa ndi kumva, makamaka kudzera mwa stethoscope ndi," lomwe linasindikizidwa mu 1835.

Mu zaka za m'ma 19 kuteteza Institute unakhazikitsidwa ku mliri, nthomba ndi matenda ena owopsa kudzera katemera. aphunzitsi ambiri, kupanga njira ankaona kuti ndi ntchito yawo muyese nokha. Mwa imfa ichi amunamuna mmodzi wa madokotala Russian M. Ya. Mudrov, amene imfa imfa kwambiri Russia.

Mu 1835, lamulo la akamanena za chiphunzitso anatsimikiza komiti kufufuza ku mayunivesite zachipatala, amene kuchepetsedwa ndi umunthu Mulungu. Zikuchitika, izi zimatanthauza kuti mbiri ya mankhwala mu Russia amayenera kutha pakadali pano. Komabe, madokotala akhala anapitiriza maphunziro awo ndi yapindula chodabwitsa.

Zotsatira za XIX atumwi

M'zaka za m'ma 19 maziko a maudindo onse amakono sayansi mankhwala, kuphatikizapo khungu histology, ndipo ngakhale balneology. Kudzera chitukuko la asayansi otchuka kwambiri nthawi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, njira kuwatsitsimula ndi physiotherapy. Inakhalapo sayansi monga tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso ndi virology, amene anayamba kokha pambuyo pake.

Boma la mankhwala ku Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20

Kuyambira 1900, zikanam'pezetsa zamafupa, pochiza matenda a maso Oncology. Ziwerengero kwambiri a m'deralo zachipatala natsogozedwa zipatala, mabungwe ndi masukulu - G. I. Turner, RRVREDEN, EV Adamyuk ndi ena.

Chinthu kwambiri patsogolo m'munda wa obstetrics ndi matenda achikazi, makamaka ntchito V. F. Snegireva yakuti "Uterine magazi." NF Filatov amalenga woyamba Dokotala sukulu, lofalitsidwa malangizo kuchipatala ndi ntchito pa matenda ana ndi kupewa.

Ambiri zina mankhwala komanso si chilili. M'zaka za m'ma 20 izo mwafufuza zofunika kwambiri pa malamulo chibadwa, zomwe zingathandize asayansi kufufuza decoding zonse za thupi la munthu ndi lolondola mkulu.

kusintha dongosolo

The kusintha kwa mankhwala mu Russia ndi mayiko ena ayenera ikuchitika mosalekeza, chifukwa sayansi alibe kuima, ndi chifukwa kuti pali mankhwala atsopano, njira za kafukufuku ndi mankhwala. Komanso ndikofunikira kugwira ndi zovuta kwa njira umalimbana kuonetsetsa anthu onse, chithandizo oyenerera, omwe lero, mwatsoka, osati onse ku Russia tizidalira.

Chiyambireni cha m'ma 21 kusintha kwa mankhwala mu Russia kukambidwa ndi akatswiri. Amaganiza kuti mu 2015 ndi ndalama mabungwe zaumoyo kusintha. Malipiro amamuuza mwini pa mtima, osati pa bedi. zipatala zonse adzakhala ndi mndandanda mtengo umodzi, ambiri adzakhala anasamutsa pa masiku asanu ndi ntchito sabata. Komanso, zipatala nkhani zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito zopereka zaufulu, amene panopa ali bwino ziro. Zikuoneka kuti kumayambiriro mfundo yatsopano kudzakuthandizani zachuma anthu kupeza mkulu mlingo wa utumiki mu gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia.

malingaliro

Komabe, mankhwala amakono mu Russia sangathe kupereka apamwamba a utumiki, ndi akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kuyamba ndi maphunziro. madokotala kuona kusintha kwa falitsani ku dongosolo utumiki akale, imene imakhudza kulekana ku chipatala anthu osauka ndi olemera.

mavuto zachipatala Russia osati kuchepa ndalama mabungwe zaumoyo, komanso kusiyana kotheratu kwa madokotala ena odwala. Tikayang'ana mbiri ya ntchito zachipatala, madokotala ambiri amaika moyo kuphunzira ndi chitukuko cha njira zatsopano za kafukufuku ndi thupi lake ndiyotani pakuchotsa onse a matenda. Mwatsoka, mankhwala amakono ndi azimuth cha monetization wa moyo.