Mikhail Botvinnik: yonena, zikayenda bwino, zithunzi

Mikhail Botvinnik (1911 - 1995) - wodzichepetsa, koma munthu wouma mtima, anatsimikiza mtima kwambiri, anali ndi chikhalidwe cha khalidwe la ngwazi amene angwiro pa moyo. Russian Chess sukulu, amene analenga - chigonjetso chachikulu. M'nkhaniyi tiona angakuuzeni mmene mosalekeza munthu anali Mikhail Botvinnik. yonena wake si Chess.

ubwana

Kukhala Israel mu 1964, Botvinnik mwiniyo ananena motere za zaka mwana. bambo anga ndi ku mudzi pafupi Minsk ndi kuwetedwa. Iye anali munthu nemeryany mphamvu. Free kuti akathyole ng'ombe ndi nyanga ndi kuwathira pansi. Botvinnik Mihail Moiseevich iye ankaganiza kuti onse anatengera kwa atate wake - ndi chikhalidwe ndi thupi kukhala. Bambo anapita ku St. Petersburg kuphunzira pa katswiri mano a. Kumeneko anakumana Serafima Samoilovna Rabinovich, dantistkoy. Iwo anakwatira chifukwa iwo sanali kokha mwaukadaulo pafupi, koma mwauzimu - onse nawo 1905 utasintha. Technician bambo wa ngwazi tsogolo anali wokongola. Posakhalitsa banja wamng'ono, omwe anabadwa mwana woyamba wa Isake, tinasamukira yaikulu dzuwa semikomnatnuyu nyumba pa Nevsky. Banja anali wophika, aboma, mkazi. Ndipo kenako m'chaka 17, pamene iye anali kubisala kwa alendo mosayembekezereka. Bambo wa zaka 20 anasiya banja ndi kukwatirana. Ukwati anali ndi ana aakazi awiri ndi amayi ake anamulerera ana ake yekha. Koma bambo anga anawathandiza ndalama.

Ankadziwa Chess

m'bale Buddy, amene ankakhala pabwalo wapafupi zaka 12 wasonyeza Misha, kuimba Chess. Pa nthawiyi, Mikhail Botvinnik, kale ku sukulu ndi kuwerenga mabuku onse chakale: Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev. Iye ankakonda makamaka "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" ndi Pushkin. Kenako anakhala bwino ntchito za Zoshchenko ndi kuwakonda. Kenako anapeza wolemba amene adamkhulupirira, osati Chess, komanso munthu amene ambiri kukwaniritsa mu moyo. Koma izo zinali mu 1933. Ndipo pamene Misha padziko Chess kuphunzira paokha. Iye analembedwa m'mabuku chipani Lasker ndi ndemanga iwo. Nazi anasankha Mikhail Botvinnik masewera - Chess.

maganizo makolo

Misha anapita ku kalabu Chess. Koma pamene anauzidwa za atate wake, ndiye mwana wa kumulakalaka anasonyeza kuti zikuchepa negative. Iye basi kuti anali masewera mwayi monga makadi. Ndipo mayi sanavomereze masewera mwana. Pamene kuitana anadza kwa mwana wake ku Stockholm, izo kulowa mkangano nathamangira ku sukulu kuwafunsa musalole mtsikana kunja mu 1926. Koma kusukulu nkhawa iye ankachitira ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi Misha anamasulidwa ku Sweden. Kuyanjanitsidwa mayi ndi bambo kuti Chess chinthu chimodzi chokha: si ntchito, ndi zosangalatsa. Ndipo simumasewera Mikhail Botvinnik sakanakhoza. Ndipo mphunzitsi iye sanatero. Kuchita zonse yekha. Ndinawerenga mabuku pa Chess, kusanthula kale. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake ankakhulupirira kuti player onse ali kuchita yekha: yosanthula, sanafotokozepo kachiwiri. Nkofunika, ndi zambiri masiku ano si zovuta kupeza.

Phunziro ntchito ndi Chess

Mikhail Botvinnik oyambirira, pamene iye anali simudafikire zaka 16, maphunziro a sekondale, ndi mleme udzaphwanya Championship dziko. Zotsatira zake zazikulu: yapambana zisanu ndi zinayi, zisanu ndi ziwiri atamukoka ndi zigonjetso anayi. Iye anali ophunzira wamng'ono. Ndipo basi chaka chotsatira, iye akanakhoza kufunsira ndi kulembetsa mu Institute Polytechnic. Chess ochepa anangolemba. Koma kuphunzira pa anayambitsa, ndipo kenako mu sukulu maphunziro, Michael kumatanthauza thupi masewera. Mu 1933 pa katswiri wadziko, kusonkhanitsa mbanbvu yace yonsene, iye amapeza chigonjetso. Mu chaka chomwecho machesi ndi S. Flohr wolemekezeka kudzatunga. Koma a West ankakhulupirira kuti ngwazi ya Czechoslovakia. Kwa chipulumutso Botvinnik anali kupereka galimoto ndi mutu wa mbuye wa USSR.

ukwati

Mu '34 anali mnzanga anzanga ndi mnansi pa tebulo. Zinali kaso wamng'ono mdima tsitsi kukongola ballerina. Iye anatsatira kwawo ku mvula. Patapita chaka chimodzi, a ukwati zinachitika. Lacimwemwe inatenga zaka makumi awiri. Gayane Davidovna anzeru, ngati iye sangapite ndi ndime mwamuna, nthaŵi zonse analimbikitsa kuti tcheru lirilonse kwa izo. Iye analangiza mwamuna wake kusamalira wamanjenje dongosolo. Ndi kutchula chitsanzo cha Galina Ulanova, amene anabwera kuonetsa maola awiri pamaso pa chiyambi ndi sanalankhule, anali wokonzeka.

chigonjetso lonse

Mu 1936 machesi ku England anabweretsa osewera pamodzi zikuluzikulu dziko - Euwe, Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine. Botvinnik Capablanka ndi kuwagawa 1 ndi 2 malo. Mu 1938, chipanichi Botvinnik - Capablanca mphoto ya "Pakuti kukongola," ndipo apo Mikhail Moiseevich kumenya Alekhine.

Iye anapambana malo 3. kuwina chinathandiza Chess player kukhulupirira mwa iwo okha. Pa kupeza katswiri dziko Michael walola kuti agwirizane okha ndi Alekhine, koma nkhondo itayamba. zaka nkhondo zonse GM wagwira ntchito ngati katswiri magetsi mu Perm ndi kupeza katswiri onse a USSR ali zonse pachikhalidwe choyamba. Tinakumana ndi Alekhine anali kulephereka kwa 1946, koma ngwazi dziko wamwalira mwadzidzidzi. Mu 1948, nthawi yomweyo ankatsogolera World Cup nataya izo masewera awiri okha Mikhail Botvinnik. Ngwazi dziko kanali koyamba munthu Soviet. Kuyambira 1948 anapambana mutu wa World Champion, Botvinnik watha kuchita, ndi kutulukira inatenga zaka zitatu. Iye anali kwambiri chinkhoswe mu sayansi. Mu 1951 iye anali PhD okonza magetsi. Izi sakanakhoza koma bwanji khalidwe la masewera chaka chino.

kupeza katswiri dziko

• Mu 1951 machesi ndi Davidom Bronshteynom anali chiyani, koma mutu anakhalabe ndi Mihailom Moiseevichem.

• Mu 1954 ndime ndi V. Smyslov analinso kudzatunga.
• Mu 1957, iye sanali patsogolo Vasiliya Vasilevicha Smyslova, koma mu 1958 chigonjetso rematch anapita Botvinnik.
• Mu 1960, iye asaluza kuti Mihailu Talyu, koma mu 1961 - kamodzinso chigonjetso, ndi wokhutiritsa kwambiri.
• Izo zinali kokha mu 1963, linali patsogolo Tigran Petrosyan.

Kuti ndi zaka 15 wakhala dziko yamphamvu ngwazi. Mikhail Botvinnik ndi Kenako kupambana pa mpikisano ena padziko lonse.

kupeza katswiri ubale

Choyamba, amene maubale onse kukhala Bronshtein anali kutsazikana chifukwa iye anachita unethically. Mu holo kutsogolo kwa gawo mu bokosi anakhala mafani wake, ndipo ngati anapambana chuma, nthawi yomweyo ndinamva chimwemwe. Bronstein, kupanga kusuntha, mwamsanga kuseli siteji, ndipo ukabwerako. Iwo melteshenie amatengeka ndi Botvinnik. Komanso, Bronstein, wantchito KGB, anali ndi masewera Alekhine - Botvinnik. Iye analimbikitsa kuti Chess player kulengeza Alekhine munthu amene collaborates ndi Anazi, ndi kumuchititsa osati kumenyana, mutu wa ngwazi dziko.

T. Petrosian komanso zinthu, pamene kuziyika izo modekha, pachithunzichi. Nthawi ina ya masewera iye amazipanga wosamvera: kusaina mfundo phindu mu malamulo a masewerawo, ndiye anavomera, ndiye anakana kachiwiri. Ichi chimatanthauza chinthu chimodzi chokha - anafuna kukokera misempha Botvinnik. Koma pamene machesi anayamba, mafani Petrosian asanalowe ndi makwerero anayamba rattling pa nthaka, anabweretsa kuchokera Armenia. Kodi kuchita Botvinnik? Kodi manyazi. Iye anandiuza kuti ngati zisanafike unatsanuliridwa dziko woyera wa Yerusalemu, ndinganene kuti "Gululi" chabe kusesa pansi.

makhalidwe chosiyana

Zinafuna kupirira ndi kulimbikira, luso ndi cholinga ndipo popanda chododometsa, kuti kutsatira iye. The maganizo pa masewera nthawi zambiri nkhondo. Pamwamba izi GM ankagwira ntchito pa maphunziro thupi. Ndithudi, ndewu kwambiri mpikisano kudyedwa ndi mphamvu zambiri. Chess player adakhulupirira iye yekha kuti ngati pa ndime anenepa, zikutanthauza kuti si anaika mu masewera. Ndipo kuti tikhalebe zoyenera bwino masewera yovuta, nthawi zonse pogwiritsa nokha chokoleti.

Tsiku ndi tsiku

Banja ankakhala wamba zipinda ziwiri nyumba. Iwo unali ndi anthu asanu, kuphatikizapo wantchito mwana wanga wamkazi. Patebulo m'nyumba panali wina. Ngakhale mwana kuchita homuweki, ndipo Mikhail Moiseevich anamanga chessboard. Ndipo mu 1951, pa machesi ndi Bronstein usiku, kuti kusokoneza kunyumba, ndinakhala ndi ndinaganiza pa phwando mu bafa, naima pa bolodi ndi dengu la zovala.

Monga katswiri chachikulu pa luso (PhD, pulofesa), anali onse homuweki wamwamuna analanda. Manja Mwachitsanzo, zokonzera kuikira. Kamodzi mu dziko, zonse zonyansa, iye anali kuchita chinachake mu bwino. Ine anadutsa pafupi, wothandizira Brezhnev, ndi kuona zauve kabakha konyansa, amangotchula: "Ndiyeno kubwera kwa ine." kusamvetsetsa linathera pamene anakumana.

Nyumba pa malo anadzipereka mu 1949, malinga kuwerengetsera yake ndi zojambula kachiwiri ndi manja ake Mikhail Moiseevich anamanga ndekha.

The kunyumba anali wodzichepetsa kwathunthu. Iye ankakonda chakudya chabwino, koma zikhoza kukwanira buckwheat yekha.

Mu labu sayansi

Zasayansi, iye analibe tebulo. Izo sizinali mwa ngozi. Mikhail Moiseevich ankaganiza kuti mpando dampens ndipo akuima kaye. Iye kufotokoza za zaka makumi atatu lolunjika pa kumanga Chess pulogalamu "mpainiya". Ndipo iye anapambana chigonjetso mu Canada pa lachilendo ofanana.

Wasayansi anayankhira tsoka ku Chernobyl. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti nyukiliya zomera mphamvu ayenera kumangidwa kokha komwe anthu sakhala mu Far North, mwachitsanzo. Koma "pamwamba" Poyankha mwatsatanetsatane ichi chete wathunthu.

Creation wa Soviet Chess sukulu

Mikhail Botvinnik analenga njira zatsopano za kukonzekera mpikisano, anayamba mbali ongolankhula wa Chess. Wake wapachiyambi kapangidwe woyamba, pamene Black masewero kuchitapo kanthu. New Look mbuye anayang'ana pa nambala ya mankhwala lililonse. Mikhail Botvinnik kachiwiri kusanthula chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a endgame lapansi.

Mikhail Moiseevich kuimba moyo wa chipani ndi 1202 nawo 59 thupi. Awiri mwa ophunzira ake anakhala akatswiri dziko - Anatoly Karpov ndi GARRY Kasparov.

Mwatsatanetsatane za ngwazi za nkhaniyi angapezeke mu bukhulo lomwe linalembedwa ndi Linder - "Mikhail Botvinnik: moyo ndi masewera», owerenga, kuti icho chimatsegula, amaphunzira za moyo wake ndi zamasewera, koma adzatha kuona ndi critiques wa Chess masewera.