Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxygen chiyani? Valency ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la mpweya

Onse timapuma mpweya umene uli makamaka asafe ndi mpweya mamolekyulu ndi zazing'ono Kuwonjezera zinthu zina. Choncho, mpweya ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mankhwala. Komanso, mamolekyulu ake muli ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa moyo wake. Polongosola katundu onse amafotokozera izi sikokwanira ndi zana masamba, kotero ife asagwiritse mfundo zazikulu za nkhani, komanso makhalidwe mchitidwe - valence ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya, chiwerengero cha ntchito katundu zofunika thupi.

Mbiri ya anapeza chinthu mankhwala

Tsiku lanuli atulukira mankhwala amafotokozera "mpweya" ndi 1 August 1774. Tsiku lomwelo, ndi sayansi British John. Priestley anamaliza kuyesera wake pa kuwonongeka kwa okusayidi Mercury amene ali chotengera losindikizidwa. wasayansi analandira mpweya omwe amathandiza kuyaka akamaliza zimenezo. Komabe, kupezeka anapita padera ngakhale mwa sayansi. Mr Priestley ankaganiza kuti sanadza kuonetsetsa chinthu chatsopano ndi mbali yofunika ya mpweya. Dzhozef Pristli zotsatira zawo nawo ndi wotchuka French wasayansi ndi sayansi Antuanom Lavuaze, amene anali okhoza kumvetsa chimene analephera kupanga England. Mu 1775, Lavoisier anali kupeza kuti panali "mbali ya mlengalenga" kwenikweni wodziimira mankhwala amafotokozera ndi dzina mpweya, limene latembenuzidwa kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "asidi-kupanga". Lavoisier ndiye ankakhulupirira kuti mpweya chili mwa zidulo onse. Kuti pambuyo pake kudzipatula chilinganizo zidulo kuti mulibe mpweya maatomu, koma dzina Anapitirizabe.

Mpweya - makamaka maselo kapangidwe

Yogwira mankhwala amafotokozera ndi mpweya colorless, odorless ndi zoipa. Chemical chilinganizo - _2. Akatswiri kuitana wamba diatomic mpweya kapena "mumlengalenga mpweya" kapena "dioxygen." Molekyulu mankhwala tichipeza awiri zogwirizana mpweya maatomu. Palinso molekyulu ongokhala maatomu atatu - O _3. Izi mankhwala wotchedwa ozoni, zambiri zokhudza izo adzalembedwa pansipa. molekyulu A ndi ma atomu aŵiri a mpweya amamva makutidwe ndi okosijeni -2 chifukwa amatha kupanga awiri unpaired elekitironi covalent muzikondana. Mphamvu imene yamasulidwa pa kuwonongeka (dissociation) mpweya maatomu mu molekyulu ndi wofanana 493,57 KJ / mol. Ndi kusiyana wokongola lalikulu.

Valency ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la mpweya

Mu valence wa chinthu mankhwala mumtima mphamvu yake kutenga pa nambala inayake ma atomu a zinthu zina. The valence wa oxygen awiri. Valence wa molekyulu mpweya komanso liri awiri, monga maatomu awiri olumikiza wina ndi mzake ndi luso angagwirizanitse dongosolo lake ngakhale atomu imodzi pawiri wina, ndiye, kuti apange covalent ubale ndi iye. Mwachitsanzo, molekyu ya madzi H ₂ O chifukwa mu mapangidwe kumangidwa covalent pakati atomu imodzi mpweya ndi awiri maatomu wa hydrogen.

Mpweya opezeka anthu ambiri mankhwala odziwika. Pali ngakhale mtundu osiyana mankhwala - oxides. mankhwala akamagwira kaphatikizidwe chilichonse mchitidwe mankhwala ndi oxygen. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxygen oxides ndi wofanana -2. Komabe, m'madera ena mankhwala chithunzi angakhale osiyana. Zochuluka za izo zidzakhala pansipa.

thupi katundu wa mpweya

Normal diatomic mpweya ndi mpweya zomwe ziribe mtundu, fungo ndi kukoma. Mu boma wabwinobwino, kachulukidwe ake - 1,42897 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Kulemera kwa madzi okwanira 1 thunthu ndi pang'ono zosakwana 1.5 magalamu, ndiye mpweya koyera yolemera kuposa mpweya. Pamene usavutike, molekyulu ndi dissociated mu maatomu.

Pamene kutentha sing'anga ndi adatchithisira kuti -189,2 ^C. mpweya chingasinthe akuphatikizapo ku gaseous kwa madzi. Choncho pali chithupsa. Pamene kutentha amachepetsa ku -218,35 ^{° C} pali kusintha dongosolo ndi galasi madzi. Pamenepo mpweya kutentha umakhala ndi timibulu bluish.

Firiji, mpweya ndi mouma sungunuka m'madzi - pa lita wake wina kwa 31 milliliter wa oxygen. Solubility ndi zinthu zina: 220 ml ya kwa madzi okwanira 1 Mowa, 231 ml ya kwa madzi okwanira 1 acetone.

Chemical katundu wa mpweya

Za katundu mankhwala mpweya akhoza kulemba Talmud. Chuma chofunika kwambiri mpweya - izi ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Izi n'zomwe kwambiri amphamvu oxidant. Mpweya akhoza kutani ndi pafupifupi zonse zam'mwamba kudziwidwa tebulo nthawi. Chifukwa cha zimachitika izi oxides anapanga, monga tafotokozera kale. An makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpweya mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zayamba ofanana 2. Chitsanzo cha mankhwala oterewa ndi madzi (H ₂ Inu), mpweya woipa (NKHA _2), okusayidi calcium, okusayidi lifiyamu, ndi ena. Komabe, pali ena m'gulu la oxides, wotchedwa peroxides kapena peroxides. peculiarity awo ndi kuti pali peroxide gulu "-O-O-" mu mankhwala amenewa. Gulu kumachepetsa zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni katundu wa O _2, kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mpweya peroxide ilipo -1.

Mogwirizana ndi soda zitsulo yogwira mpweya mitundu superoxides kapena superoxide. Zitsanzo za nyumba ndi:

• superoxide potaziyamu (KO _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

peculiarity awo ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya mu superoxide ndi -1/2.

Mogwirizana ndi achangu mankhwala mchitidwe - fluorine, fluorides analandira. Pa iwo ayankhidwa pansipa.

Apamwamba mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mankhwala mpweya

Malinga ndi zimene mankhwala ali anachitira ndi mpweya, mpweya ali madigiri seveni makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

1. -2 - mu oxides ndi organic mankhwala.
2. -1 - mu peroxides.
3. -1/2 - mu superoxide.
4. -1/3 - mu ozonide zochita kupanga (zoona triatomic mpweya - Mpweya umene).
5. +1/2 - mu salt mpweya cation.
6. 1 - mu mpweya monofluoride.
7. 2 - mu mpweya difluoride.

Monga mmene taonera, ndi apamwamba mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya kukwaniritsa oxides ndi mankhwala organic, ndi fluorides lili ndi mphamvu ngakhale positive. Osati mitundu yonse ya ankachita angathe kuchitidwa mwachibadwa. Mapangidwe mankhwala ena amafuna zinthu zapadera monga kuthamanga, kutentha, kukhudzana osowa mankhwala kuti pafupifupi konse za m'chilengedwe. Taganizirani mpweya pawiri zikuluzikulu ndi zinthu zina mankhwala: oxides ndi, fluorides ndi peroxides.

oxides gulu pa katundu asidi-m'munsi

Pali mitundu anayi oxides:

• zazikulu;
• asidi;
• ndale;
• amphoteric.

An makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpweya mitundu ya mankhwala ndi -2.

• oxides Basic - pawiri ndi zitsulo ndi limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni wochepa. Childs, pamene anachitira ndi zidulo analandira lolingana mchere ndi madzi.
• Acidic oxides - oxides nonmetal ndi digiri yapamwamba ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Kuwonjezera thereto wa madzi anapanga acid.
• Ndale oxides - mankhwala omwe musalowe mu anachita aliyense ndi zidulo kapena ndi zapansi.
• Amphoteric oxides - mankhwala ndi zitsulo ndi mtengo wochepa electronegativity. Iwo ali, malingana ndi mmene zinthu zilili, katundu chionetsero ndi asidi ndi zofunika oxides.

Peroxides, mlingo wa oxygen makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa hydrogen peroxide ndi mankhwala ena

Peroxides otchedwa mankhwala mpweya ndi zitsulo soda. Iwo akamagwira kuyaka zitsulo izi mu mpweya. Peroxides mankhwala organic ndi zachiwawa kwambiri. Iwo amakonzekeranso ndi mayamwidwe wa oxides mpweya. Zitsanzo za peroxides:

• hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O _2);
• barium peroxide (Bao _2);
• ndi sodium peroxide (Na ₂ O _2).

Onsewo ndi ofanana ndi amene iwo ali mpweya gulu -OO-. Choncho, mpweya mlingo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi -1 peroxides. Chimodzi mwa yodziwika mankhwala -OO- gulu wa hydrogen peroxide. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, pawiri ili ndi madzi a wotumbululuka mtundu buluu. Malinga awo mankhwala zimatha wa hydrogen peroxide uli pafupi ndi chofooka acid. Popeza -OO- Mgwirizano mu pawiri ali bata osauka, ngakhale firiji, njira ya hydrogen peroxide akhoza decomposed madzi ndi mpweya. Ndi mphamvu oxidizing wothandizila Komabe, mmene anachitira ndi amphamvu oxidizing katundu reductant chabe hydrogen peroxide. Mlingo wa oxygen makutidwe ndi okosijeni a haidrojini peroxide, monga ena peroxides ilipo -1.

Other mitundu ya peroxides ndi:

• superoxides (superoxides, imene mpweya ali ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni -1/2);
• ozonides zochita kupanga (sinkakhala pawiri Ndikukhala anion ake dongosolo Mpweya umene);
• molozonide (mankhwala Ndikukhala akuphatikizapo ubale -OOO-).

Fluorides, mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mpweya OF2

Fluoro - kwambiri yogwira membala wa onse panopa ndizodziwikiratu. Choncho, anachita pakati mpweya ndi fluorine kukhala oxides, ndi fluorides. Iwo otchedwa chifukwa ichi pawiri si mpweya, ndi fluorine ndi oxidant. Fluoride sungagulire mwachibadwa. Chawo apanga ndi yopezera kuyanjana ndi fluorine amadzimadzi KOH. fluorides mpweya anawagawa:

• mpweya difluoride (OF _2);
• monofluoride mpweya (O ₂ F _2).

Taganizirani mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa mankhwala. mpweya difluoride chake kapangidwe ndi colorless mpweya ndi amphamvu zosasangalatsa fungo. Pa yozizira Zachepetsedwa mu madzi chikasu. The madzi bwino miscible ndi madzi, koma mpweya wabwino, fluorine ndi Mpweya umene. Chemical katundu wa mpweya difluoride - ndi oxidant amphamvu kwambiri. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mpweya OF2 1, i.e. mu pawiri izi fluoro oxidant ndi mpweya - kuchepetsa wothandizila. OF ₂ ndi poizoni kwambiri, kuposa fluorine koyera ndi akuyandikira kawopsedwe wa phosgene. The ntchito zikuluzikulu za mtundu uwu pawiri - monga oxidizer kwa chopopera, kuyambira mpweya difluoride si zachiwawa.

monofluoride mpweya boma wabwinobwino ndi olimba chikasu. Pa kusungunuka, ndipamene madzi ofiira. Ndi mphamvu oxidizing wothandizira, kwambiri zachiwawa anakumana ndi organic mankhwala. Izi pawiri zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho mpweya boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni wofanana +2, i.e. mu izi fluoride zochita mpweya pawiri ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa, ndi fluorine - oxidant.

Mpweya umene ndiponso mankhwala

Mpweya umene - molekyulu ndi maatomu mpweya atatu amakondana kwambiri. Mu boma wabwinobwino ndi buluu mpweya. Pa kuzirala, mitundu madzi akuya buluu mtundu pafupi enaake. Olimba ndi galasi la mdima buluu mtundu. Mpweya umene ali ndi Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo, zikhoza mwachibadwa amaona mu mpweya pambuyo chaukali yamkuntho.

Mpweya umene, mwachizolowezi mpweya, ndi oxidant amphamvu kwambiri. katundu mankhwala pafupi zidulo amphamvu. Atadziŵa oxides Mpweya umene kumawonjezera mlingo wawo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi mpweya kusanduka. Koma pa mlingo wofanana wa adatchithisira mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni. The Mpweya umene mankhwala nsinga si amphamvu monga O _2, kotero _kuti pansi yachibadwa zinthu popanda khama akhoza kuyimisa nchito nyumbayi mu mpweya ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kutentha mphamvu. Ndi kukula kutentha amasintha Mpweya umene molekyulu ndi kucheperachepera kuthamanga kuvunda ndondomeko diatomic mpweya exothermically zolimira. Komanso, ngati danga lalikulu mu Mpweya umene ndi ndondomeko imeneyi kungapangitse kuphulika ndi.

Popeza Mpweya umene ndi oxidant amphamvu kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi onse ndondomeko yokhudza ndi kuchuluka ikuluikulu ya _2, ndiye Mpweya umene ndi chinthu kwambiri poizoni. Komabe, m'mwamba, ozoni amachita ngati wonyezimiritsira dzuwa ultraviolet.

Chifukwa Mpweya umene ntchito choyezera zida kulenga organic ndi zochita kupanga ozonides. Izi ndi yovuta pa dongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, choncho chilengedwe chonse mu zinthu zachilengedwe n'zosatheka. Ozonides zasungidwa yekha pa otsika kutentha, kuyambira pa kutentha wamba, ali poizoni kwambiri ndi zachiwawa.

The ntchito mpweya ndi mankhwala ake makampani

Chifukwa chakuti pa nthawi imodzi, asayansi, zimene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwa mpweya mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina, ndi mankhwala ake ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani. Makamaka pambuyo pa m'ma makumi awiri anali anatulukira Turbo zochulukitsira - mayunitsi angathe kusintha mpweya mu mphamvu mawotchi angathe. Popeza mpweya - flammable kwambiri mankhwala, ndiye kuti ntchito m'mafakitale onse kumene m'pofunika ntchito moto ndiponso kutentha. Pamene kudula ndi kuwotcherera zitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito canisters ndi pressurized mpweya Owongolera lawi kuwotcherera chipangizo. Mpweya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kampani yopanga zitsulo, komwe ndi wothinikizidwa O ₂ anakhalabe mu mkulu kutentha kuphulika ng'anjo. Mlingo pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxygen -2. khalidwe limeneli mwakhama ntchito kupanga oxides ndi cholinga kuyaka zina ndi kumasula mphamvu matenthedwe. Phula mpweya, ozoni, ndi mankhwala ena okhala wambirimbiri O _{2 ntchito} ngati oxidants chopopera. Oxidized mpweya ena organic mankhwala ntchito monga mabomba.

Makampani mankhwala a oxygen ntchito monga nthumwi oxidizing mu mankhwala asidi-hydrocarbon, monga alcohols, zidulo ndi zina zotero. D. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kufinya kuchepetsedwa kwa odwala matenda a m'mapapo, kukhala moyo wa chamoyo. Mu ulimi, Mlingo ka mpweya koyera ntchito kuswana nsomba m'mayiwewa, chifukwa kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ng'ombe ndi zina zotero. D.

Mpweya - wamphamvu oxidizing wothandizira, amene n'kofunika kuti kuli

Pamwamba zinali zambiri zolembedwa zimene mpweya ali ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma pamene adalowa anachita ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi nyengo, zimene mitundu ya mankhwala mpweya, pali mitundu ya kufa ndi zomwe kodi ayi. Wina akhoza kukhala bwinobwino - monga mwa zonse kawopsedwe ake ndi mkulu mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxygen mbali ofunika moyo Padziko Lapansi? Popeza kuti dziko lapansili ndi thupi moyenera kwambiri, amene kusinthidwa makamaka pa zinthu zili wosanjikiza mumlengalenga. Iye kumatanthauza adzizungulira, ndilo motere: munthu ndi nyama zina zonse zimawononga mpweya ndi kutulutsa carbon dioxide, ndi zomera mu ambiri zimawononga mpweya woipa ndi kutulutsa mpweya. Zonse m'dziko lapansi cholukanalukana ndi imfa ya kugwirizana chimodzi ndi unyolo mwina kuswa unyolo wonse. Tisaiwale za izo ndi kusamalira moyo pa dziko lonse, osati aliyense payekha nthumwi.