Derivation wa chilinganizo kuwala kumayendera. Mfundo ndi maganizo

Kuyambira masiku sukulu, tidziwa kuti liwiro la kuwala, mogwirizana ndi chilamulo Einstein a - ndi pachimake akuluakulu m'chilengedwe chonse. Mtunda ku dzuwa pansi kuwala akudutsa mu mphindi 8, ndipo izo kuzungulira 150 miliyoni Km. Kuti Neptune akubwera maola pokhapokha 6, koma spacecraft amatenga zaka kugonjetsa mtunda zimenezi. Koma si aliyense akudziwa kuti mtengo liwiro akhoza kwanthawi ndithu malingana ndi chilengedwe chimene kuwala akudutsa.

kuwala kumayendera chilinganizo

Kudziwa liwiro la kuwala vacuo (c ≈ 3 × 10 ⁸ mamita \ c), wina akhoza kuona mu zinthu zina, zochokera index awo refraction N. Dongosolo la mathamangidwe kuwala akufanana malamulo makina a sayansi, koma mtima wa patali ntchito nthawi ndi liwiro chinthu.

Mwachitsanzo, timatenga galasi amene index refractive ndi 1.5. Malinga ndi chilinganizo kuwala kumayendera ndime = m'ma \ N kupeza kuti liwiro mu sing'anga wakupatsani pafupifupi wofanana 200,000 Km \ m. Ngati inu kutenga madzi, monga madzi, mathamangidwe wa kafalitsidwe wa photons (particles wa kuunika), ndi 226 000 Km \ m ndi index refractive wa 1,33.

Dongosolo la mathamangidwe kuwala mu mlengalenga

Air - ichi ndi Lachitatu. Choncho, ali otchedwa kachulukidwe kuwala. Ngati photons mu zingalowe kodi si amakumana ndi mavuto mu njira yake, malo, iwo amathera nthawi zina pa malemeredwe wa particles maatomu. The lolemererapo sing'anga, nthawi zambiri ntchito pa izi ndi chisangalalo kwambiri. The refractive index (n) mu mlengalenga ndi wofanana 1,000292. Ndipo izo ziri kwenikweni kusunthira kutali malire a 299.792.458 m / s.

Asayansi American anakwanitsa msanga kuwala kumayendera pafupifupi ziro wathunthu. Kuposa 1/299 792 458 masekondi. Kuwala kumayendera sangathe kugonjetsa. Chinthu ndi kuwala - izi ndi chimodzimodzi mu atomu yoweyula, komanso X-ray, mphepo kapena kutentha. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi kusiyana pakati pa timaganiza ndi pafupipafupi.

Choona chidwi ndi kupanda misa fotoni, ndipo ndikuonetsera kusoweka kwa nthawi tinthu anapatsidwa. Mwachidule, chifukwa fotoni, amene anabadwa ochepa miliyoni kapena ngakhale mabiliyoni zaka zapitazo, pasanathe lachiwiri la nthawi.