M'madzi mapampu: mitundu, gulu, makhalidwe, cholinga

Mbiri ya shipbuilding inayambira Kale - kutchula koyamba katundu kusambira anali zaka zoposa zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Ndiyeno anthu anapitiriza ulendo wake mitsinje ndi nyanja pa sitima mothandizidwa ndi nkhafi. Kuyambira pamenepo, shipbuilding wachita yojambula yaikulu, ndipo masiku ano gawo mafakitale ali ndi udindo waukulu mu dziko la chitukuko chuma ndi ndale ya cigawo.

Pakali pano, ambiri amavomereza terminology, chimene chotengera seagoing - lalikulu-kukula maofesi kusambira cholinga nsomba kunyanja, mayendedwe a katundu kapena zoyendera anthu. Maritime chombo - ndi maofesi kusambira asilikali. Ntchito yachibadwa aliyense mwa mitundu ya sitima mukusowa opareshoni odalirika zigawo zonse ndi kachitidwe. Choyamba chofunika kuonetsetsa yokumba akadakwanitsira mwa mapampu m'madzi, chifukwa kayendedwe ka madzi osiyana kudzera mapaipi chotengera zimachitika nthawi zonse.

N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera zotumiza mapampu?

Poyamba mapampu cholinga yekha kwa kukweza madzi. Lachitsanzo loyamba chipangizo sitimayo hayidiroliki kwa ikukoka madzi magwiridwe, anakhala Buku pisitoni mpope. Tsopano wotchuka monga mpope-kanthu. Mawu oyamba a zomera mphamvu ya madzi pa zombo anapereka maonekedwe a mapampu pisitoni ndi galimoto nthunzi.

Other, mitundu ano a asilikali hayidiroliki, mu shipbuilding zitsulo kufalitsa ndi chitukuko cha sayansi. A mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha mapampu latsopano ankaimba ndi zikamera wa Motors magetsi. awo kukhazikitsa amaperekedwa kuwonjezeka pafupipafupi kasinthasintha wa zikugwira ntchito thupi chipangizo, ndi kutulutsa mphamvu.

Lero, mapampu ankagwiritsa ntchito m'magulu onse a chuma. Yotero ndi shipbuilding m'deralo. Panopa m'madzi shipbuilding mwakhama ntchito mitundu yonse alipo zipangizo zimenezi.

Kodi mpope?

Pump - chipangizo kwa chokwawa madzimadzi ku mlingo m'munsi chapamwamba. Nthawi zina limagwirira uyu wa madzimadzi kusamutsidwa kuphunzitsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kapena chipsyinjo kuwonjezeka. Dongosolo yaikulu ya mapampu m'madzi chotengera ntchito kulikonse: anaikidwa machitidwe a zomera mphamvu, abulusa hayidiroliki, adalira moyo thandizo kachitidwe, etc ...

Mfundo ntchito mpope

Yosintha mphamvu za m'madzi injini mpope mphamvu ya madzimadzi kusuntha, zipangizozi amayambitsa kusamukira ku yoyenera (kukwera pamwamba kapena kusuntha horizontally zimafala mkati dongosolo chatsekedwa). Analengera kayendedwe kofunika zina zamadzimadzi ntchito, monga zipangizo hayidiroliki Mulimonsemo m'gulu dongosolo ikukoka, mfundo zomwe kupsa kwa madzi kapena ngalande zinthu.

Chojambula chithunzi cha aliyense chotengera siteshoni ikukoka

Monga limagwirira galimoto dera lino amagwiritsa ntchito galimoto magetsi olumikizidwa kwa mains lapansi. madzimadzi ntchito limachokera kuchokera pansi pa dziwe ndi amasuntha kuthamanga chitoliro mzere wosanjikiza chapamwamba chifukwa kutembenuka mphamvu. Mphamvu ya madzimadzi ntchito kudutsa mpope ali nthawizonse kwambiri kuposa mphamvu pa mpope polowera.

Kuthamanga zimadalira exiting madzi okwanira, mphamvu ndi dzuwa chipangizo. Bwaloli yeniyeni mphamvu increment madzimadzi kusamutsidwa kwa yodziwitsa anthu mpope isanafike kuchoka ake. M'kukoma meters, izo Mzimuyo zochotsa msinkhu kapena kuyenda mtunda wa wothandizila kugwira ntchito.

Main makhalidwe chipangizo hayidiroliki

The jekeseni madzi yodziwika ndi buku ake pa nthawi unit. The momwe akadakwanitsira mpope mphamvu pakufunika kupanga kuthamanga chofunika ndi kugonjetsa mitundu yonse zomvetsa anakhumudwitsa pa otaya madzimadzi kudzera payipi ya. Pump mphamvu, m'kukoma kW, ndiyo mphamvu ya galimoto galimoto ndi luso anaika wa siteshoni lonse mpope.

Mwachangu ya mpope Mzimuyo moyenera ntchito zake kusintha magawo zofunika siteshoni ikukoka.

Kodi kugawanitsa mapampu m'madzi

Mitundu yonse ya mapampu anaika m'sitimayo ali m'magulu malinga ndi muyezo izi:

• Malinga ndi malo kutsinde pagalimoto (yopingasa kapena ofukula).
• Actuator mtundu (magetsi, chopangira mphamvu galimoto kapena galimoto reciprocating limagwirira). Limagwirira mpope pagalimoto akhoza chimayendera mwachindunji kutsinde galimoto kapena kudzera zida kuchepetsa. Ingalimbikitse kumbali-yekha kapena osakhala yoyenda yokha. mapampu standalone akhoza opareshoni popanda mayunitsi ena, ndipo sanali yoyenda yokha (zaikidwa deadlights) ndi ntchito za limagwirira iwo akutumikira.
• Ndi mphamvu umatulutsa zoipazi (otsika kuthamanga, kuthamanga kapena srednenapornye).
• Palinso gulu la mapampu m'madzi ntchito zina. Iwo akhoza kukhala wapadera, wamba chombo kapena anafuna kutumikira zigawo zina ndi njira ya kusambira galimoto kapena chombo magetsi.

mapampu Special akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha madzi mu heeling kapena chepetsa akasinja njira kusambira, mayendedwe a zatsalira madzi katundu kapena kuwachotsa ku zipinda katundu. Kugwiritsa iwo amapereka madzi otentha kusamba zipangizo za zipinda izi. ziwiya Kupulumutsidwa akhoza zida zamphamvu ziwiya bilge mpope ndi moto kumenyana - moto mapampu ndi ntchito yaikulu.

Mapampu ntchito akuphunzitsa chotengera chachikulu ndi wothandiza mfundo za ntchito yosalala ndipo imayenera ntchito zinthu izi. Iwo kawirikawiri ophatikizidwa mu makina ndipo kukatentha makontena ndi zomera mphamvu. Zikuphatikizapo: mafuta-ikukoka, mafuta, mafuta, chakudya, condensate, madzi ndi zina zipangizo.

mapampu m'madzi ndi makhalidwe awo

Malinga ndi mfundo opaleshoni ndi zabwino kusamutsidwa mapampu - vane, zida, wononga. mapampu angakhale centrifugal kapena ndege. Iwo akhoza wachinsinsi ndi cholinga ndi mtundu wa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pali mapampu ballast, bilge, thanzi (ntchito madzi kapena mafuta dongosolo kuzirala), firefighters, kuthamanga ndi ena. Mfundo yaikulu ya mpope volumetric ndi osiyana nthawi okwanira kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi hayidiroliki ku suction chipinda m'chipinda psinjika.

Losavuta buku njira hayidiroliki amaonedwa mapampu makina-pisitoni. mapampu Reciprocating zambiri ntchito mu machitidwe onse chombo, zipangizo hydraulically sitimayo ndi asilikali, kachitidwe ka waukulu injini ndi utumiki chiwongolero makina.

mapampu centrifugal ndi zipangizo hydrodynamic kanthu. Waukulu opaleshoni thupi limene gudumu onsewo limene pali tsamba kapena vane. Ndi iwo amene pochitika madzi mphamvu chofunika atsogolere otaya. zipangizozi kupereka yothandizira ndege mtsinje wa madzimadzi, i.e., otaya ndi yunifolomu. Pa kupereka ntchito madzimadzi (mpope mphamvu) amakhudza kukula ndi liwiro la impeller kasinthasintha. Chachikulu diameters wa impeller pa mkulu rotational liwiro amapereka apamwamba ntchito hayidiroliki limagwirira.

mapampu centrifugal ali mosalekeza kwapang'onopang'ono choncho pachilichonse okwanira. Chakudya (matulukidwe) chimadalira pa mpope impeller ndi pafupipafupi rotational miyeso yake: ikuluikulu awiri ndi impeller rotational liwiro, ndi apamwamba ntchito ya mpope. Nthawi zambiri, mapampu centrifugal ntchito multiwheel anachita kuonjezera otaya madzi.

Mwa kutchula ntchito wothandizila malangizo mapampu vane anawagawa centrifugal ndi ofananira (limatchedwa tinakwera). Izinso ndi mmene kanyamaka zipangizo hayidiroliki. Mu centrifugal ndi mmene kanyamaka mapampu madzimadzi ntchito ikhoza kusunthidwa radially ndi ofananira (tinakwera) - pamodzi kutsinde olamulira.

The mphamvu ndege mpope umaperekedwa pamodzi ndi mtsinje wa madzimadzi ntchito (madzi kapena nthunzi). The mphamvu angathe otaya mu nozzle ya mpope ndi n'kukhala mphamvu kayendedwe. Chifukwa otaya liwilo ntchito mtsinje m'chipinda suction, nthumwi ntchito yokha entrains madzi kapena mpweya mwa m'chipinda. The otaya wosanganiza akamayendetsa ndi kumaliseche ngalande kudzera diffuser a. The azitha suction youma ndi chilengedwe cha mkulu zingalowe mpope ntchito angapereke m'madzi. Komabe, dzuwa otsika a mtundu umenewu mapampu sanali yoyenda yokha ndipo akusowa.

Kwakusiyana mpope kwa ikukoka madzimadzi hayidiroliki, mamita E. Kuonjezera kukakamiza,. Wotchedwa injector. Jekeseni mapampu nthawi zambiri ntchito mphamvu nthunzi jenereta ziwiya zing'onozing'ono. Injectors otchedwa mapampu ndege, kuonetsetsa mayamwidwe madzimadzi ntchito. Iwo ntchito pofuna kuchotsa mpweya kapena condensate m'zipinda kapena mayunitsi.

mitundu

A mtundu sizachilendo kwa chipangizo hayidiroliki ndi mpope zida (NS). Amafotokozera wodyetsa ndi awiri mawilo imodzi inali mu nyumba womata. Pamene magudumu kuyamba atembenuza, mano kuti simuli kukhudzana, ndi kulenga kuwonjezeka mu buku la madzi mawere mwa polowera m'munsi. Mtanda kuchuluka madzimadzi ukubwera pang'onopang'ono kudziunjikira mu malo pakati pa mawilo ndi mwamtundu mbali yawo kunja. Popeza wothandizila ntchito amalowa kuchipinda psinjika ndipo amawachitira outputting nozzle. mtundu wa ngalawa mapampu ntchito ikukoka madzimadzi viscous ndi makhalidwe abwino lubricating monga mafuta kapena mafuta.

Wononga mapampu pa zombo komanso a voliyumu. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu ntchito ali mpope, kusiyanitsa one-, thuu, three- kapena chipangizo mnogovintovye.

Pamene kasinthasintha wa galimoto kutsinde onsewo wononga amachita kuyenda lovuta limene madzimadzi ntchito kulowa ku chitoliro suction akulowa mezhvintovoe danga. Pamene limazungulira pa wononga pa njira zina wothandizila onse ntchito zokhoma m'chipinda wononga. zomangira ntchito kumabweretsa ikukoka ntchito madzimadzi mu mzere kuthamanga. Ngati madzimadzi chimamangirira kwambiri, ndipo pali kuwonjezeka kuthamanga m'chipinda psinjika akutsegula wapadera vavu chitetezo - madzimadzi owonjezera ndi bwererani ku chipinda polowera.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya ofukula centrifugal mpope chotengera zochokera zizipezeka madzi ntchito. Thupi ntchito ndi mpope ozungulira ndi masamba wapadera kuliika pa onsewo pagalimoto kutsinde. Lotengeka ndi galimoto magetsi. Mu kugwira ntchito, centrifugal mpope pagalimoto mphamvu anasamutsa kwa madzi masamba onsewo. Pamene mavuto anakhumba analengedwa ndi iwo, pansi kanthu amene amaperekedwa ndi kayendedwe ka wothandizila ntchito ku polowera ku kubwereketsa lapansi.

Ofukula multistage mapampu centrifugal ntchito pafupifupi konsekonse zomera mphamvu zonse. mapampu Multistage ntchito zombo kumene kukufunika kulenga mapangidwe kuthamanga. Mfundo ntchito zipangizo zoterezi ndi madzi wafika kuthamanga chofunika mu gawo limodzi, umayenda mwa chitoliro kuti outputting gawo lotsatira, pamene anzathu yake kuchuluka kachiwiri.

Malinga ndi mphamvu, mapampu mwina ndi kapangidwe osiyana. Ikulu mphamvu injector mapampu, mathanki lalikulu angafikire dongosolo la zikwizikwi matani madzi paola.

Cholinga cha mpope pa chotengeracho

Mapampu pa zombo ayenera kutulutsa madzi nyanja, kapena kuwagwiritsa ntchito yosiyana zofunika njira machitidwe kusambira. Childs, izi ndi ambiri kachitidwe chombo, monga:

• Moto.
• Ngalande.
• kuzirala
• Mwaukhondo.
• Bilge.
• Ballast.

Kiyi njira dongosolo kusambira, kumene osiyanasiyana mapampu ntchito

Pofuna kupewa ngozi moto ayenera kukhala sitimayo moto mpope pa bolodi lililonse chotengera. Childs, mayunitsi ndi yaying'ono ndi opepuka. Mosavuta kuyankha moto ndipo mofulumira kupeza malo, mpope imayambika msanga. Pamene mpope moto ayenera kupereka kuthamanga chofunika ndi ikuyenda kupereka ndege wamphamvu wa madzi.

Pankhani ya kudzaza magwiridwe ndi m'madziwo ntchito m'madzi bilge mpope. Malinga ndi malamulo chitetezo zausodzi kapena chotengera zoyendera ayenera kukhala mapampu bilge osachepera awiri. pali atatu mapampu chonchi chifukwa zombo anthu. Ndipo mmodzi wa iwo okha ndiwo ayenera kukhetsa, ndi awiri ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito zina, koma iwo ayenera m'gulu wonse kuyanika dongosolo.

Kutentha kapena kuzirala dongosolo zofunika Kutentha kapena kutsitsa kutentha kwa ntchito makhazikitsidwe mapangidwe sitimayo. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka mafuta ndi injini kuyaka mkati m'pofunika kuyeretsa ndi kutentha. Koma mafuta lubricating ayenera Tikawonetsetsa ozizira. Kayendedwe ka madzimadzi ntchito anaonetsetsa mwa mapampu apadera.

Kuonetsetsa kukhala omasuka ogwira m'pofunika ukhondo dongosolo chotengera. Zotsatira za machitidwe amenewo mapampu ukhondo. Kugwiritsa iwo amapezeka kumwa madzi kapena suction madzi zimbudzi.

Kachitidwe ballast ntchito kukhetsa ndi kudzaza ballast akasinja a chotengera madzi nyanja.