Mutu kwawo mu Lermontov M.Yu. ndakatulo Lermontov za dzikolakwathu

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, ndi mmodzi mwa alakatuli kwambiri Russian, dzina wabweretsa mabuku a dziko lathu lonse kutchuka. Pa mtengo wa anamuyika ake pa ndime ndi geniuses kwambiri monga Alexander Pushkin ndi NV Gogol.

Waukulu kulenga nthawi ndakatulo iyi: Achikondi (1828-1832), tinganene (1833-1836) ndi okhwima (1837-1841). Mutu kwawo mu Lermontov umadutsa ntchito zake zonse.

Kuyambira cha m'ma 1830s, wolemba ndakatulo wayamba kupeza chikondi yache pakati ndondomeko mbiri ndi chikhalidwe, anapanga pa nthawi imeneyo mu European aesthetics ndi akatswiri historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel GF, GG Gervinus Ndipo z. woweta neri Al.), komanso Russian ndi European mabuku (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, oyambirira Gogol ndi ena).

nthawi kulankhulana ndi mibadwo

Monga anati I. Goethe, chithunzicho ayenera kumva ndondomeko monga merging pamodzi m'mbuyomu ndiponso masiku ano. Malinga GG Gervinus, kulenga munthu monga chiwalo cha kufunikira kwake kukhala womenya "m'khamu la tsoka." Tsoka ndi kuwamva monga kuzindikira kugwirizana wosatha pakati pa tsogolo ndi zochitika kale panopa.

Pozindikira wokha ndi ntchito yofanana, Lermontov akutenga chitetezo cha munthu. Kumamverera kugwirizana mibadwo mibadwo, Mikhail nthawi yomweyo kudutsa kusiyana awo kwambiri. Chenicheni ozizira akutsutsidwa mu chikumbumtima ndi chifukwa m'mbuyomu amunamuna a anthu Russian. Iwo kumathandiza masuku pamutu, kuchita chikhalidwe zofunika za chikondi choona, chimene kubweretsa anthu pamodzi ndi anthu wotukuka kwambiri, anawaika pa mlingo watsopano makhalidwe komanso mwauzimu kudziletsa kuzindikira ndi chitukuko.

Umunthu nthano muyaya

Posiyanitsa zakale tsopano, Lermontov, nkhani ya chilengedwe ndi Mama chimene chavumbuluzidwa ntchito zambiri, malinga VF Egorova, akufuna kuti achotse ku chilinganizo cha "kupeza mbiri-muyaya" chigawo chapakati. Zionetsero ndi mbiri, Mikhail amaona ntchito yake mu chitsutso kwa m'badwo wa chi wa chosalanga ndi mphwayi (ndakatulo "Duma") ndi chikumbutso cha ulemerero amunamuna wakale wa anthu ( "Borodino").

DS Merezhkovsky debunks bodza ananena Solovyov "ziwanda" Lermontov. Iye ananena kuti nthawi zina, kuwerenga mabuku amakono, iye mosadziŵa ndinaganiza tingafunse kuti anali wotopa Russian zenizeni. Kulankhulana pakati pa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi m'munda wa mabuku ndi zenizeni, wolemba analemba, kuwonongedwa. Izi zikupezeka mu ntchito za Lermontov.

"Nyimbo za Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"

"Nyimbo za Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." ali m'gulu limodzi epic lemba analengedwa ndi wolemba ngati loto, maloto a lodziwika bwino ulemerero m'mbuyomu pamene Russian anali "kudzuka anthu" angathe nsembe, kuchita zozizwitsa ndi chochitika mu dzina zolinga apamwamba, " lamulo wosatha "kukhala kulimbikitsa munthu kotereku amunamuna. Iwo amapitiriza pang'ono, koma muyaya alipo mu chikumbukiro anthu, ndi kaphatikizidwe "n'kamodzi" kuti "muyaya". Mutu kwawo mu Lermontov zambiri chaululidwa zimenezi, limene, mogwirizana ndi Mikhail Yurevich, amapanga zina za m'nthano nthano ndi kwa wojambula ndi wolemba monga Alexander anati, Pushkin, "osangalala" kuposa kukumbukira zakale.

Mawu a mtundu watsopano

Lermontov analenga ndakatulo wake mawu a mtundu watsopano amaphatikizidwa mu mogwirizana ndi mwachindunji miyambo, mbiri ndi chondichitikira ndi atsopano nthanthi lingaliro. Nawonso apanga ndi ludzu la chimwemwe m'paradaiso padziko lapansi ndi kusinkhasinkha aluntha, generalization ndi zilakolako munthu ndi maganizo, wopatulika akamabadwa mawu ndi kulankhula tsiku ndi tsiku.

Lermontov zinali zochokera zofunika mfundo zonse nthanthi za munthu ndi munthu (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG neri Al.), Koma sanapereke mmalo aliyense wa iwo. maganizo ake ndakatulo inasanduka chida cha kudzikonda nzeru ndi chidziwitso cha dziko, kugonjetsa zofooka za rationalism ndi subjectivism nzeru chibadidwe mu romanticism ano, kuchotsa disharmony zenizeni yofanana ndi mkokomo kufunafuna mfundo mwauzimu.

WANGA Lermontov, wosasamalira zinthu yoopsya ya Russia zamakono komanso kulingalira munthu m'dziko lino, kosalekeza adafunafuna njira zosiyanasiyana kubwerera munthu lonse dziko, anthu, ndodo ya Mulungu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, wolemba ndakatulo, kuphunzira ndi kupukusa kupambana kwa Russian ndi dziko la ganizo ndakatulo, Ndinatsegula ziyembekezo za chitukuko cha latsopano malangizo - symbolist ndakatulo wosaiwalika 19 ndi zaka 20, komanso tsogolo lonse la ndakatulo.

Mutu dziko ndakatulo Lermontov atsegula pa nthawi yovuta ya kusintha. Ndi mphamvu ndi expressiveness wa Lermontov ophatikizidwa dziko la zokumana nazo ndi malingaliro anayamba umunthu wauzimu wa chi Transitional nthawi. Kupangidwa ngati ndakatulo mu m'malire patsogolo dongosolo ang'onoang'ono serf ndi kupanda ndithu m'tsogolo, izo mwamphamvu anasonyeza boma wapakatikati wa mumtima, pom'ng'amba unyolo shackling mfundo zake zakale, komabe kupeza maziko latsopano.

WANGA Lermontov. Dziko: mutu ndi lingaliro

Mutu dziko ndi ntchito za Lermontov, ubale wa munthu ndi boma yokakamiza Mikhail Yurevich kulumikiza kolowera mavuto pachimake chikumbumtima ndi umoyo-aumunthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinali chosakwanira, monga chithunzi mu malingaliro a ndakatulo sanali akonzedwa ubale chikhalidwe ndi munthu, kuonera kaonedwe ka chikhalidwe chilengedwe.

"Duma"

Umunthu limasonyeza Lermontov wotsutsana ndi dziko lonse lapansi kuti ndi othandiza, koma nthawi zambiri zoopsa kukana ake zonse zimene am'mange ufulu zolinga zapamwamba. Pankhaniyi, wolemba ndakatulo akutembenukira kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Mu ndakatulo "Duma," lolembedwa mu 1838, ndi nkhawa za m'badwo, watembereredwa kuti upite popanda kusiya osapezekanso malo mu mbiri, m'malo loto lake unyamata kwa ungwazi chikondi.

Lermontov anakakamizika kudziŵitsa m'nthawi yake choonadi za mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni chimene anali chikumbumtima chawo ndi mzimu. Mu maganizo a Mikhail Yurevich, anali wodzichepetsa, ofooka kanthu, wamantha m'badwo moyo popanda chiyembekezo chilichonse cha m'tsogolo. Izi zinali kupambana wolemba ndakatulo ndi mwina ovuta kwambiri kuposa mtima chifukwa cha dziko lawo ndiponso ufulu wake kuti wafwe pa scaffold lapansi. Chifukwa adani osati Lermontov, koma ngakhale omwe iye lipoti choonadi izi, Mikhail Yurevich mlandu miseche dziko ano. Only VG Belinsky ndi nzeru phenomenal kuonekera mu "chilled ndi zabwino-chikhalidwe" maganizo ndi moyo Lermontov chikhulupiriro mu ulemu ndi ulemerero wa moyo wa munthu.

A ft m'dzina la Mama

Mikhail sanafune ndipo sanathe kubisa maganizo ake. Ndakatulo zonse, masewero, ndakatulo ndi mavuto ndi cholembera chake mu zaka khumi la zinthu kwambiri - ichi alidi ft mu dzina la Mama ndi ufulu. Mutu dziko ndi ntchito za Lermontov zimaonekera osati pokweza wa Russian chigonjetso mwa ndakatulo "Borodino", mu mizere wotchuka "Ndimakonda lawo ...", komanso ambiri a ntchito imene mwachindunji kulankhula za ufulu, osati za dziko lapansi, koma kusankhidwa kwa ndakatulo iyi, tsogolo la m'badwo, opusa mwazi, kopanda mkaidi, zopanda moyo, ukapolo. Pokumbukira m'badwo wake m'nthawi ya m'mbuyomu amunamuna a anthu ( "Nyimbo za Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), iye anasonyeza chikhulupiriro kulenga ndi amunamuna angathe anthu, amene Angakugonjetseni tsoka la m'tsogolo, mbiri ndi zinthu zikusinthira. Kukonda Lermontov kwawo anali yogwira ntchito.

ngwazi Lermontov mu ndakatulo "Kuchokera Andreya Shene" akuganizira kufunika kanthu anthu ntchito, "10 July 1830" ndi "July 30 (Paris) 1830" Mbidzi nawo nkhondo kunachitika ndi kuwalandira ophunzira, mu ndakatulo "zam'tsogolo 'wa zojambula wake anakopeka kugalukira.

Dziko mu lyric oyambirira

Ngwazi ya ndakatulo oyambirira - Byron ndi Napoleon - Mikhail komanso anaimba kuchita pagulu. Komabe, ulaliki wake wa kusokonekera kunachitika, ngati ngwazi za volitional kanthu Napoleon, zimatsutsana. Lermontov analemba kuti chaka chimodzi fateful pamene Mafumu akugwetsedwa, anthu adzaleka kukonda Mfumu, ndipo "chakudya cha ambiri ndiyo imfa ndipo mwazi." Anafotokoza chithunzi - zotsatira za chiwembu mu dziko - ndi louma ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi nthawi yosangalatsa kuti anali kufunafuna ngwazi. Ndi apotheosis chipwirikiti chiwonongeko, kuvutika woipa mtima.

"Zam'tsogolo '

Mu ndakatulo "zam'tsogolo ', lolembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi ngakhale sikisitini mu 1830, Lermontov walosera za ngoziyo inali itayandikira ndi kuipa kwa zinthu zimenezi. Chithunzi lowopsya la wakupha iye imamveka mu wakuda modzilemekeza. Izi fanizo fano la mdima moti, zooneka tsopano chifukwa cha mitambo ya utsi ndi zaka.

Kale mu ndakatulo ake oyambirira Lermontov akufotokoza kusakhulupirira anthu ndi moyo, kutaya mtima. Kenako, kugonjetsa kukopa imasonkhezera Byron, akuyesetsa kupeza chithandizo cha zolinga zawo mwachoonadi yokha. Mutu kwawo mu Lermontov akuyamba kuwomba osiyana. Akulongosola chikondi kwa dziko mbadwa (ndikuganiza, mwachitsanzo, "dziko" la ndime kusanthula Lermontov), kudzikayikira merging ndi chikhalidwe, adziwonetsa ngati zinachitikira mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe ( "Pamene mafunde chikasu cornfield").

"Borodino"

Mutu dziko chavumbulidwa wotchuka ndakatulo "Borodino" mu Lermontov. Ntchito imeneyi inafalitsidwa mu "Contemporary" mu 1837. Mbiri ya ndakatuloyi amabwerera oyambirira ndakatulo chikondi "Field ya Borodino." Lermontov m'njira zambiri anasintha ntchito pachiyambi. Malo osadziwika wokamba, ufulu wachikondi, koma volnolyubiya umboni wake, anatenga 'malume' - prosaic ndithu owerenga, monga kusanthula ndime. Lermontov adzabadwira amayang'ana bwinobwino chifukwa cha mawu, ena chisoni mbali muyezo akhala kutsukidwa, kodi si zogwirizana ndi chowonadi cha zochitika. Monga nyengo yoipa, chikondi mkuntho, omwe ankati zinachitika madzulo a nkhondo, wakhala m'malo ndi bwino kugwa usiku, zomwe zinagwirizana ndi zinthu zenizeni. Sizinali ngati mfundo ya kuyengedwa, ngati awa umboni weniweni wa kukhwima kwa mphatso za kulenga za Lermontov. Choncho, "Borodino" kukukhala ndime ndi katswiri wamkulu wa "Testament," "kwawo zimathandizadi Lermontov" ndipo "Valerik".

Kusintha mtundu wanyimbo ndi

ndakatulo Lermontov pa mutu wa "kwawo" ali ukasintha anasintha ndi mtundu wanyimbo ake. Didactics wotsutsana oyambirira "Borodino Field" wakhala m'malo achilengedwe, nditaona didactics mwadala yosavuta kumva Nkhani. Tinachita "Borodino" ndi zachilendo. M'malo mwake, buku didactic, imene zochitika za nkhondo anapatukira polemic yake ya inert, aulesi, amphwayi, monga wolemba ndakatulo iyi, kwenikweni. Belinsky ankachitira "Borodino" ngati duality ntchito imene Pachithunzipa - nkhani ya pankhondo zaka tingawapeze kuona zochitika za nkhondo, maganizo ake, pamene lachiwiri - kuwawa chitonzo zosiyana akale ndi amakono, chikhulupiriro ndi wolimba amadza mu ndakatulo "Duma".

Mutu kwawo mu Lermontov ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mfundo mtundu ndi anthu. Belinsky ananena kuti Lermontov anadzazidwa ndi mzimu wa dziko, ophatikizidwa naye. Onaninso kuti ndakatulo ntchito mu nthawi ya stagnation. M'zaka akafunsa kuti, chitukuko zina za boma ndi tsogolo lake. Mikhail Yurevich kukonda kwambiri dziko lako anauka mamawa kwambiri ndipo kenako yofunika kwambiri. Adakali mnyamata fifitini, WANGA Lermontov, kwawo mutu umene umadutsa ntchito onse, analemba kuti: "Ndimakonda kunyumba ndi zina zambiri" (ndakatulo "Ndinaona mthunzi yamtendere ...").

The watsopano m'nyimbo ngwazi

Pambuyo 1837, kwambiri kusintha ngwazi m'nyimbo: anayamba kumva wofanana ndi anthu ena, kutali ndi ziwanda. KUFOTOKOZERA lenilenilo monga kapolo wa nthawi, anali kuchonderera anthu ake. Pali chidwi mu moyo ndi anthu ena, ngakhale wauzimu, mkati mgonero ndi iwo, nthawizina kwasanduka kusinthika mu msilikali kapena mkaidi ( "Wina", "Anansi", "The Kundende," "ogwidwa Knight"). Mu chiyerekezo iyi ngwazi za mwayi. Iye mwamphamvu akuona kulephera kwa anthu azikhala, ndi undecidability zotsutsana ake mkati, amayesetsa kupeza chithandizo cha zolinga zawo. Mwatsopano akuyamba kuwomba ndi mutu wa Mama ntchito za Lermontov.

Chithunzi wophiphiritsa wa Mama

Wolemba ndakatulo, pokhala winayo, ndipo analenga wophiphiritsa zowombetsa mkota fano lawo. ndakatulo Lermontov pa mutu wa "kwawo" yosonyeza ngati abwino ena. Mikhail Lermontov, amene m'dziko kwatanthauza kwambiri kunyoza anthu amene alibe izo, wopanda kuvutika ndi chilakolako. Akuyerekeza iwo m'mitambo (ndakatulo "Mitambo", 1840), nthawi yozizira ndi lotayirira, kuthamangira kum'mwera cornfields wotopetsa wosabereka.