Mwachidule yonena Ivana Fedorova - mpainiya, akuluakulu ndi ana olembedwa

Lero, ife wamba mabuku - mabuku, magazini, manyuzipepala. Iwo yotchipa, ankagwiritsa zilipo, nchifukwa chake mtima kwa iwo nthawi zambiri ulemu ndiponso wosasamala. Ndipo kamodzi bukhu linali mtengo kuposa golide, iwo anali olemera okha kwambiri. Chilengedwe cha buku limodzi kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zina zambiri. Zinali zovuta ndi kalavulagaga zamanja, ndi bwino kukhala mlembi ankaona mwayi, amene angathe kutenga osati aliyense.

Ku Ulaya, zinthu zinayamba kusintha mu m'ma 15, pamene German Johann Gutenberg anapanga makina osindikizira. Mu Russia, woyamba makina osindikizira pa malamulo Ioanna Groznogo mu 1563 anamanga Ivan Fedorov. Kodi tikudziwa bwanji lero? Mwachidule yonena Ivana Fedorova - mpainiya, ana ndi akulu Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri. Iwo anapereka m'munsimu.

magwero

Pakuti mbiri yakale ena simukudziwa tsiku ndi malo a kubadwa Ivana Fedorova, mbadwo wake. Akukhulupirira Komabe, iye anabadwa mu Moscow, penapake pakati pa zaka 1510 ndi 1530, a zaka Chibelarusi Ragozina. Akatswiri ambiri mpainiya moyo kunena kuti anabadwa mu 1510 m'chigawo Kaluga.

Yambani yonena

Amadziwika kuti Ivan Fedorov anaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Cracow kuchokera 1529 ndi 1532, ndipo analandira digiri yoyamba. nkhani lili ndi University akale. Mwina apa kuti anamva koyamba za typography lapansi.

Back mu mutuwo, mnyamata ndinalowa tchalitchi cha St. Nicholas Gostunskii. Ophunzira bwino kuwerenga bwino zimaŵetedwa, anadza pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Metropolitan Macarius. Yotsirizira anali pafupi Tsar Ivan m'khutu, ndipo zikuoneka kuti iye amene amanena kupatsa chilengedwe cha makina osindikizira choyamba mu Russia angathe mnyamata.

Pomanga woyamba nyumba Russian osindikizira

Mwachidule yonena Ivana Fedorova - mpainiya, ana ndi akulu zimasonyeza mfundo yofunika. Mu 1550, moyo Fedorov anapanga kukhota lakuthwa. Mwa dongosolo la Ioanna Groznogo anauzidwa kuti bungwe yosindikiza. Linakhazikitsa ntchito yaikulu pa chipangizo cha oyambirira kusindikizidwa Russian. Okhulupirika othandizira mpainiya ntchito yovuta anakhala Peter Mstislavets ndi Marusha Nerefev. Ntchito anamalizidwa yekha mu 1563.

"Mtumwi" ndi "Breviary"

April 17, 1563 mbuye anayamba kulenga buku loyamba "Mtumwi." Iwo anamaliza pafupifupi chaka. Tsiku nduna za kufalitsidwa imatengedwa kuti March 1, 1564.

Iliyonse yonena mwachidule Ivan Fedorov - mpainiya, ana kapena akuluakulu kulemba, onetsetsani kuti amatchula m'buku lino, koma angamachite zoterozo mfundo zosangalatsa:

• Buku anali 268 mapepala, chimene 262 ochepa
• Linatulutsidwa mu chinenero Chisilavo Chakale;
• kusindikiza ntchito ofiira ndi wakuda, ndi wofiira dzina kusindikizidwa mitu;
• kalata yoyamba pachiyambi kwa mutu uliwonse watsopano kucheza ndi dzanja ojambula zithunzi;
• Mutu uliwonse wakhala nakometsedwa wokongola zamaluwa chokongoletsera m'nyumba;
• okwana makope "Mtumwi" anali makope 1,000, umene 47 okha anapulumuka.

Mu 1565, makope awiri linatulutsidwa buku chachiwiri - ". Breviary" Mabaibulo a 345 kuti anapulumuka 7 okha.

ndege

Kenako, yonena mwachidule Ivan Fedorov - mpainiya, ana ndi akulu kulemba, limatiuza kuti iye anali kuthawa Moscow. Panali zifukwa zingapo:

• upainiya kumenyana kuwala apamwamba poopa kuti kodi kuwerenga ndi kulemba buku yosindikiza mosavuta anthu wamba ndi anthu ophunzira ndi ovuta kwambiri ntchito;
• Anali osakhutira ndi alembi m'malo amene anataya chakudya;
• atsogoleri analengeza wamakani atayamba nyumba zosindikizira.

Kankhani kuti kuthawa anapereka anachita kuwotcha dala mu 1566, zomwe zinachititsa chosindikizira woyamba Ivan Fedorov anataya pafupifupi onse katundu. Iye anapita ku Lithuania.

Chilituyaniya nthawi

Grand Duchy la Lithuania kunavomerezedwa kusindikizidwa osula golide. The chosindikizira woyamba Ivan Fyodorov ntchito Hetman Chodkiewicz wamanga atsopano osindikizira zomera Zabludovo. Mu 1568-1569 gg. Inasindikizidwa "didactic Uthenga Wabwino" ndipo mu 1570 anaona amasulidwe "Masalmo ndi chasoslovtsem".

Ena chifukwa osadziwika Chodkiewicz mwadzidzidzi anadula ndalama kusindikiza, Fedorov wapereka m'mudzi waung'ono ndi analangiza kuchita ulimi. Ivan Fedorov - mpainiya, kanthawi yonena ana ndi akulu amene akambidwa m'nkhani, anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa zolinga zake. Anasonkhanitsa chuma chawo ndi banja (inu mukudziwa, iye anali ndi mkazi ndi ana) anasamukira ku mzinda.

Ntchito Lviv

Kachitatu, ndi chosindikizira woyamba Ivan Fyodorov anayamba moyo watsopano. Adakonza nyumba yosindikizira, komwe mu 1574 anafalitsa 2 mabuku:

• "Mtumwi" ndi kuwonjezapo ndi kulungamitsidwa;
• "Phunziroli".

Yotsirizira - limodzi mwa mabuku a mtengo wapatali kwambiri mu dziko. Nthawi yathu isanafike wafika 1 yekha kufuna kwa izo. Masiku ano, ndi kusungidwa mu laibulale Harvard.

Ukusuntha ndi dzuwa litalowa

Mu 1575, Fedorov kuti ndikachite kwa mmodzi wa olemera olemekezeka - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, ndi makina osindikizira ku ndende mu Volyn. Mpainiya anavomera ndipo anasamukira kachiwiri kwa malo atsopano. Pali ndalama fuko lomveka anakonza makina osindikizira.

Ostrog anali kwambiri kuberekana nthawi mu moyo wa Ivan Fedorov. Ndi 1578 pa mu 1581 gg. Iye anamasula 6 mabuku.

Mu 1582, mbuye kusindikiza milandu adzabwerera kwa dzindza yace mwa Lvov, kumene anakafa mwa umphawi mu 1583. Iye anaikidwa mu agulupa ya St. Onufrievskom. Amenewa anali mapeto a mbiri mwachidule Ivan Fedorov - mpainiya, ana ndi akulu kulemba.