Mabuku oyamba. Woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku. Woyamba kusindikizidwa buku

Nkhani ya m'buku la n'zosangalatsa kwambiri. Zonse zinayamba kubwerera ku Mesopotamia zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Buku loyamba sinali yofanana ndi toyesa ano. Amenewa anali mapale pa amene ntchito Babulo zakale zizindikiro ntchito wakuthwa nkhuni. Ambiri a zochitika anali zoweta mu chilengedwe, koma archeologists anali mwayi limanena za wofunika m'mbiri zochitika, nthano, nthano. makolo athu makalata kwa mbale ngati kawiri kapena katatu, mosavuta erasing kale alembedwa. Mabuku oyamba ku Babulo anali ambiri, ndipo nthawizina nkhani zambiri dongo pachiyambi, anaika mu bokosi matabwa, anatumikira mu masiku akale kumanga.

Chidwi kwambiri ndi laibulale yaikulu ya Asuri mfumu Ashabanipalu. Anali malo osungira zikwizikwi mabuku ndi zambiri pa kumabungwe osiyanasiyana. Mwatsoka, kuti anapulumuka osati zakale zonse wapadera.

luso Igupto

Panopa zovuta kupeza munthu amene amadziwa chilichonse za chikhalidwe cha Iguputo. Ambiri a ife m'maganizo yomweyo akubwera Papyrus - pepala zinachitika. Iye anali wamkulu ambiri m'bali ya Nile lalikulu. Zimayambira ya zomera anali kusema n'kupanga, zouma ndi glued pamodzi. Pambuyo mwai onsewa amtunduwu mosamala kukonza miyala kuti adzalipereka kusalala.

Kumene, inki ndiye, panalibe wina amene amadziwa chifukwa Zolembedwa oyambirira analengedwa ntchito inks masamba. Mtundu wa cholembera anatumikira monga wochepa bango. Ancient Aiguputo analembedwa basi wolemba cholembera cha kuyambitsa choyamba. Amisiri anayamba kuthira utoto m'dzenje bango, kupereka mtsinje mosalekeza inki zinachitika.

Pakuti mayiko, mapeto amtunduwu buku lina la tepiyo Ufumuyo ndodo, ndipo anali atamangika mpukutu yokha. Wood kapena chikopa milandu anali zapiringizana.

Egypt si ndekha ...

Mwachibadwa, buku lisanalengedwe osati mu dziko la Iguputo. Amwenye, mwachitsanzo, mabuku oyamba anasonkhana masamba a kanjedza, amene ndiye sewn molondola ndipo anapatsa kumangako nkhuni. Mwatsoka, chifukwa cha moto ambiri ndi masoka achilengedwe, buku limodzi kwa nthawi zimenezo sanakhale ndi moyo.

Azungu anasiya mbiri yawo pa zikopa. pepala Zimenezi zinachitika kwa khungu mwapadera ankachitira. Kutulukira Chinese pepala kulemba pa mbale wapangidwa kuchokere ku mapesi nsungwi. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa chimodzi (umene pang'ono chabe kutsimikizidwa), okhala kudzipatula zilembo m'mwamba pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo womangidwa mu njira yapadera. Komabe, Baibulo ili ali zambiri umboni mosadziwika, kotero izo ndithu, tingathe sichinafike.

magwero ambiri amanena kuti pepala wopanga - anauzidwa Lun - ankakhala Japan za zana chaka chachisanu BC. Pa lotsatira zaka zochepa Chinsinsi chimene chinapangidwa pa pepala, ndi chinsinsi kwambiri. Pakuti Kuwulura ake anaopseza chilango choopsa.

Iwo katswiri mu nkhani iyi ndi Aluya: oimira anthu, pakati woyamba kukhazikitsa pepala dongosolo lawo, mofanana ndi Baibulo zambiri zamakono. Nkhani zikuluzikulu anasambitsa ubweya. Pamene gluing mapepala munthu analandira masikono yaitali (mamita makumi asanu).

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ndi chilengedwe cha ku Asilavo Analembera Language ku Russia, nawonso, anawona, poyamba mabuku dzanja olembedwa.

The kusintha kwa makina

Iwo anapanga kakang'ono makina osindikizira kawiri China ndi ku Ulaya Ages Middle. Azambiriyakale komabe anafika kugwirizana ndi mmene linasindikizidwa loyamba kusindikizidwa buku. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ndi Chinese analenga makina katswiri mu 581 BC. Malinga ndi zina, izi zinachitika pakati pa TH 936 ndi 993 chaka TH. Pankhaniyi, woyamba kusindikizidwa buku, chilengedwe tsiku, amene zalembedwa, inafalitsidwa mu 868. Zinali buku lenileni la Daimondi Sutra Xylographic Buddha.

The azungu ndi bambo yosindikiza awo. Izi Johann Guttenberg. Iye ndiye mlengi wa osindikizira. Komanso, Guttenberg anatulukira makina olembera (chochitika kwakukulu kunachitika mu 1440). Woyamba kusindikizidwa buku akadali zikufanana kwambiri pamanja, ndi zosiyanasiyana zipsera, molemera chokongoletsedwa chivundikirocho ndi stylized wosasintha. Poyamba mabuku amenewo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa kulenga iwo kunali kovuta kwambiri ngati pamanja.

Theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu zinali zodzaza ndi kufala kwa kusindikizidwa Europe. Choncho, 1465 tinali anayambitsa msonkhano ku Italy. Mu 1468, a yofalitsa woyamba unakhazikitsidwa mu Switzerland, ndipo mu 1470 - mu France. Patatha zaka zitatu - mu Poland, Hungary ndi Belgium, zaka zitatu zitadutsa - mu UK ndi Czech Republic. mu Sweden, ndi zaka zinayi - - mu Portugal yosindikiza msonkhano ku Denmark ndi Austria, mu 1483 izo chinamasulidwa mu 1482. Mu kupanga msika kusindikiza ndi izo mpikisano ofalitsa kumeneko kwa zaka ziwiri.

Wotchuka yosindikiza nyumba pa nthawi m'gulu Aldus Manutius - wotchuka zaumunthu ku Venice. Mu ntchito zake chizindikiro zinatuluka olemba aakulu monga Aristotle, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes ndi Thucydides.

Malinga ndi mtengo wa mabuku utachepa monga chikusintha ndondomeko yosindikiza. Izi zachititsa kuti misa kufalitsa pepala.

Buku loyamba

Davide losagonjetseka - masamu VI m'ma - nthawi yoyamba anali phunziro limene malamulo masamu ndi kachitidwe ankalembedwa. Panopa, pali buku lapadera mu Matenadaran (depository wa mipukutu yakale ku Yerevan).

Zikamera wa zikalata birchbark

Buku loyamba mu Russia anali akapolo birch pepala. Motero mu zaka XI-XV, makolo athu anali kupatsana zambiri mu kulemba. Ofukula woyamba mwayi zokwanira kuona birch makungwa mu 1951 ku Novgorod. AV Artsiholovsky walunjika kuti ulendo wotchuka ofukula zinthu zakale.

Letters zochepa chabe makungwa, ntchito zitsulo zakuthwa kapena fupa Wand (pisalom). Ambiri opezeka birchbark zikalata ndi zilembo zachinsinsi. Mu makalata amenewa anthu bwanji nkhani zachuma ndi zoweta, ndiwalamulira, limafotokoza mkangano. Ena a iwo ali zoseketsa malemba wamba pokwiya ndi ulamuliro ang'onoang'ono, mndandanda wa ntchito, uthenga ndale, chifuniro.

Kuyambira mu 1951 mpaka 1981, chaka chinapezeka mazana asanu makalata (kwambiri - mu Novgorod, angapo nthawi - mu Vitebsk, Smolensk, Pskov ndi Staraya Russa).

Ntchito za akatswiri chi

zolembedwa lotchedwa "versification" mu Institute of History Novosibirsk. Iye anaperekedwa kwa katswiriyo Natalia Zolnikova. Maziko a pamanja anakhala silky makungwa chipango chabwino kwambiri. Komabe, si chinthu bokosilo wakale, ndi ntchito masiku ano. Buku analenga okhala Old Okhulupirira Pamudzi, yomwe ili pa wotsika Yenisei. Iwo likukhalira kuti m'masiku athu makungwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati pepala.

Pamanja mu Russia

Woyamba Russian buku, akubwera kuchokera cholembera cha Asilavo akale, ankatchedwa "Chigilagoliti Kiev timapepala ta." Kutsutsa kuti analengedwa pafupifupi zikwi zapitazo. The wamkulu anapeza Russian pamanja buku - "Ostrom Gospel" - kunayamba m'zaka khumi.

Kubwera kwa masitolo yosindikiza

Mabuku oyamba kusindikizidwa unayamba kuonekera mu Russia pambuyo 1522 chinali chaka chino unayamba kugwira ntchito nyumba yosindikizira ili Vilnius. The E wotulukira ake anali Frantsisk Skorina - ndi lodziwika bwino Chibelarusi enlightener. Lisanaperekedwe, anali ndi zambiri typography: Iye anafalitsa "Salmo" ndi chimodzi mwa August 1517. Zinali ku Prague, komwe pa nthawiyo mtsogoleri wamkulu moyo.

Woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku

Woyamba kope pachibwenzi, limene linatuluka mu Russia, amatchedwa "Mtumwi." Bukuli mpingo, limene linatuluka mu likulu mu 1564. Mlengi wake - Ivan Fedorov. Komanso zimachitika Peter Mstislavets (pamene iye anali wophunzira wa Fedorov). Ndi anthu awa kosatha mbiri monga mlengi wa woyamba Russian buku lisindikizidwe. kope wapadera inkakhala 268 mapepala kuyeza 21h14 masentimita Pandendera panthawiyo anali ndi chidwi -. A pang'ono makope zosakwana zikwi ziwiri. Panopa anapeza 61 m'buku.

Kuwerenga loyamba la buku - chimene icho chinali?

Woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku, chifukwa chimene makolo athu katswiri kuwerenga ndi kulemba, nayenso, anamasulidwa mbuye Ivanom Fedorovym. Izo zinachitika zaka zoposa zinayi zapitazo. Bukuli malamulo yaikulu ya galamala, komanso aphorisms zothandiza mawu anzeru ndi ziphunzitso.

Zikamera wa phunziroli

Buku limene kotheka kudziwa, anali kwambiri akulemekezedwa mu Russia. Izi, ndithudi, anaphatikizapo, ndi primers. Iwo anali akonzi wa Moscow bwalo yosindikiza. Buku ana oyamba a inafalitsidwa mu 1634. Dzinali - "chinenero phunziroli Chisilavo, ndiko kunena kuti chiyambi cha ziphunzitso detem hotyashe limaphunzitsa kuwerenga kwa Lemba." Author ntchito - Basil Burtsev-Protopopov.

Chirengedwe cha woyamba Russian zithunzi phunziroli chinkhoswe Carion Istomin - Chimonko, mphunzitsi ndi ndakatulo. Iye anayesetsa: chilembo chilichonse anali limodzi ndi chithunzi cha nkhaniyo, kuyambira ndi kalata. Buku amatilola kuphunzira Polish, Latin ndi zilembo Greek, ndipo panali pafupifupi palibe malemba pa mitu achipembedzo mmenemo. Zachilendo chinali chifukwa chakuti bukuli anafuna kuti ana a amuna ndi akazi ( "atumiki" ndi "buthulo").

Zikamera wa bookplates

Woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku ndi chizindikiro chapadera zikusonyeza umembala wa laibulale ena, adaona kuwala m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Pa nthawi, yaikulu zopereka buku akhoza kudzitama anzake a Peter, kuphatikizapo Bruce J. ndi D. Golitsyn. mabuku onse kusindikizidwa zopereka zawo wokometsedwera ankapenta sitampu ndi wosasintha kamangidwe.

Zosintha mini

Dzina la wakuyamba buku kusindikizidwa kakulidwe 6.5 ndi 7.5 masentimita - "The luso la kukhala zoseketsa kucheza." buku lapadera inafalitsidwa mu 1788. Mu 1885 Krylov nthano wolemba afalitsidwa buku kukula kwa muyezo sitampu wotumizira. Kukhazikitsa kusindikiza chabwino pansi pa dzina Daimondi anasankhidwa. Kodi mukudziwa dzina la woyamba kusindikizidwa buku la kukula kakang'ono, lofalitsidwa mu Soviet Union? Icho chinali Constitution la RSFSR. Inasindikizidwa mu 1921 mu Kineshma. Buku kukula - atatu ndi theka masentimita asanu.

Panopa kuli zana mabuku kakang'ono. Lalikulu deta - ntchito ndi Pushkin - makumi asanu mabuku. M'menemo mbiri ndi mavesi buku kotero voliyumu ya kiyubiki mamita 0,064. mm. Mlengi wake - ndi wowerengeka wojambula M. Maslyuk ku Zhmerinka (Vinnitsa dera, Ukraine.).

toyesa chimphona

Lalikulu wakale Buku pamanja mu Chiameniya yakuti "Sermons Mushskogo obisika." Inasintha m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi - kuchokera 1200 mpaka 1202-TH. Buku kulemera ndi twente-seveni ndi theka makilogalamu. Kukula ndi chidwi - masentimita 55,5 kuti 70,5 wapadera Mwachitsanzo tichipeza asanu awiri mapepala, omwe wapita mwezi chimodzi ng'ombe khungu .. Mu 1204 mpukutu wa chandalama ndi Seljuks. drams zoposa zikwi zinayi asonkhanitsa chiwombolo cha anthu ambiri a m'midzi Chiameniya (onani: imodzi n'kumutayika lofanana 4,65 ga siliva). Kuposa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, zolembedwa inali m'tauni agulupa ya nsima, mu Western Armenia. Mu 1915 iye anasamukira ku m'chipinda chotetezeka Matenadaran ku Yerevan. Izo zinachitika chifukwa cha kupulula Turkey, chifukwa cha zimene Buku ntchito chifukwa wapadera akhoza kungoyankha lidzawonongedwa.

mwala Baibulo

Bukhu mu ntchito zachilendo Tingaone akuchezeredwa ku State Museum wa Art ili Georgia. Padangokhala mbuye chosula zithunzi makumi awiri kuchokera Chatsopano ndi Chakale Chatsopano ndi Chakale kuti slabs wa miyala. Izi ndi chitsanzo chabe. bokosilo anapezeka mu Abkhazian ya m'mapiri m'mudzi Tsebelda.

udindo Current

Mu nineties zaka mazana makumi awiri mu bukhu kwenikweni anati zazikulu kusintha. Ichi chinali chifukwa ikuchitikira kusintha Russian Chikhalidwe chathu, ndale ndi zachuma. Choncho, kusindikiza kunapezeka wina wa makampani woyamba, umene unayamba kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma. Buku wakhala ankamuona ngati chinthu ntchito entrepreneurial. Ndicho chifukwa kunali kofunika kwambiri malamulo a boma protectionism m'munda wa chikhalidwe ndi ntchito buku ndi constituent.

Cha mma 1990, buku ndi kugawira mabuku kunali bizinezi. Mafotokozedwe ndi losavuta: m'dzikoli akukumana ndi kusowa wokonda katundu wotereyu. Komabe, izi sizinakhalitse. Kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu, msika anali zimalimbikitsa. Ogula anayamba kusankha mabuku mosamala kwambiri. Pamene mpikisano anakhala mbali zofunika kwambiri kusewera makhalidwe monga mankhwala khalidwe ndi mbiri ya opanga ndi ogulitsa. Mwachindunji nthawi amakhala ndi kukula kwa gawo maudindo amene anawamasulira. Choncho, mu 1993 olemba yachilendo ya buku ili pafupi makumi asanu pa zana a mankhwala onse yosindikiza.

Today pali zinthu inconstancy owerenga. Ngati mu nthawi ya Soviet, ntchito za mlembi wina anali otchuka kwa nthawi yaitali, lero ndilo bestseller ndandanda wa zosintha pa breakneck liwiro. Izi tachita maluwa kuti zonse maluwa zosiyanasiyana maganizo, zokonda komanso zokonda za nzika.