Ndi anzake ofooka sayansi chiyani?

Mogwirizana ofooka - ndi limodzi mwa magulu anayi lofunika amene amayendetsa zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe. The ena atatu - kukoka, magetsi, ndipo mogwirizana ndi amphamvu. Pamene magulu ena kugwira zinthu pamodzi, mphamvu ofooka amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu chiwonongeko.

Mogwirizana ofooka ndi mphamvu yokoka, koma ndi ntchito pokhapokha pa mtunda waufupi kwambiri. Force amachita pa mlingo subatomic, ndipo imathandiza kwambiri mu kuonetsetsa mphamvu za nyenyezi ndi kulenga zinthu. Ndi udindo mbali yaikulu ya cheza zachilengedwe m'chilengedwe chonse.

chiphunzitso Fermi

Chitaliyana sayansi Enrico Fermi mu 1933, anayamba chiphunzitso kufotokoza beta kuwola - ndondomeko ya kutembenuka kwa nyutironi mu purotoni ndipo ndi elekitironi kusamutsidwa, kutchedwa kuti lembali, beta tinthu. Iye adatanthauzira mtundu watsopano wa mphamvu, otchedwa mogwirizana ofooka, umene unali udindo kugwa, ndi ndondomeko yofunika ya kusintha kwa nyutironi mu purotoni a, an elekitironi ndi neutrino, amene anali chinadzatchedwa antineutrinos.

Fermi poyamba ankaganiza kuti panali mtunda wa ziro ndi zowalamulira. particles awiri adjoin kukakamiza ntchito. Popeza zinaonekeratu kuti mogwirizana ofooka kwenikweni mphamvu wokongola, amene kumaonekera mu mtunda waufupi kwambiri, wolingana ndi 0.1% ya m'mimba mwake pulotoni.

electroweak mphamvu

The kuwola nyukiliya wa mphamvu ofooka 100 000 nthawi kakang'ono kuposa mu atomu lapansi. Komabe, panopo amadziwika kuti internally atomu, ndipo awiri awa zochitika yosiyana amakhulupirira kuimira mawonetseredwe umodzi electroweak mphamvu. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti iwo atasonkhana mphamvu zoposa 100 GeV.

Nthawi zina ananena kuti mogwirizana ofooka amasonyeza oipa a mamolekyulu. Komabe mphamvu mezhmolekulrnye ndi electrostatic m'chilengedwe. Iwo anapeza ndi Van der Waals ndiponso kudziwika ndi dzina lake.

Muyezo lachitsanzo

Mogwirizana ofooka sayansi ndi mbali ya muyezo chitsanzo - pulayimale tinthu chiphunzitso, limene limafotokoza dongosolo lofunika pa nkhaniyi, pogwiritsa ntchito ya maikwezhoni kaso. Malinga ndi chitsanzo ichi particles pulayimale mamita. E. Uyo sangakhale kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndi nyumba midadada ya chilengedwe chonse.

Mmodzi tinthu amenewa ndi quark. Asayansi samasonyeza kuli chinachake ang'onoang'ono, koma akufuna. Pali mitundu 6 kapena mitundu ya quarks. Kuziika mu dongosolo la kuwonjezeka misa:

• chapamwamba;
• m'munsi;
• dziko;
• enchanted;
• okondeka;
• woona.

Osakaniza osiyanasiyana, iwo apanga zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya particles subatomic. Mwachitsanzo, mapulotoni neutrons - particles lalikulu atomiki phata - quark zigwirizana itatu. Awiri chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi akupanga pulotoni. Upper ndi kutsikira awiri kupanga nyutironi. quark kalasi kusintha angasinthe purotoni kuti nyutironi ndi, potero yosintha mchitidwe wina ndi mzake.

mtundu wina wa tinthu ndi boson. Izi particles - zamoyo zina zimachitika, amene amakhala ndi matabwa a mphamvu. Photons ali choyimira cha boson, gluons - winayo. Aliyense wa asilikali awa anayi chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika kuwombola pakati zonyamulira. mogwirizana wolimba gluon ndi mu atomu - fotoni. Graviton theoretically ndi chotengera cha mphamvu yokoka, koma sanapezeke.

W- ndi Z-bosons

mogwirizana ofooka nkhoswe W- ndi Z-bosons. particles izi zinali kuloseredwa ndi Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam ndipo mu 60s Mu zaka zapitazo, nawapeza mu 1983 pa Organization European kwa nyukiliya Research CERN.

W-bosons ali electrically mlandu ndipo amaimira W ⁺ (zabwino adawalamulira) ndi W ^- (zoipa adawalamulira). W-boson kumasintha zikuchokera particles. Emitting electrically mlandu W-boson, quark mphamvu ofooka chimasintha kalasi, kuyatsa purotoni mu nyutironi kapena mosinthanitsa. Ichi ndi chimene chimachititsa maphatikizidwe nyukiliya , ndi kuvumbitsira nyenyezi kuwotcha.

Zimenezi amalenga zinthu ankawonjezereka kuti m'kupita ejected mu mlengalenga ndi mabomba supernova, kukhala nyumba zidutswa za mlengalenga, zomera, anthu ndi china chirichonse mu dziko.

ndale panopa

Z-boson ndi ndale ali ofooka ndale panopa. mogwirizana ake ndi particles ndi kovuta kudziwa. Kusaka Experimental kwa W- ndi Z-bosons mu 1960 inatsogolera asayansi chiphunzitso, kaphatikizidwe wa mu atomu ndi mphamvu ofooka mu umodzi "electroweak". Komabe, chiphunzitsocho anapempha kuti particles-onyamula kukhala ndiwachabe, koma asayansi anazindikira kuti chiphunzitso W-boson akhale wolemera kufotokoza lalifupi osiyanasiyana ake. Theorists kulemera W anagwira chifukwa wosaoneka limagwirira otchedwa Higgs limagwirira kuti amapereka kuli Higgs.

Mu 2012, CERN analengeza kuti asayansi ntchito padziko lonse lapansi accelerator - ndi Large Hadron Collider - anaona tinthu watsopano, "Higgs boson yoyenera."

beta kuwola

mogwirizana ofooka akuwonetseredwa mu β-kuwola - ndondomeko imene purotoni ndi kutembenukira ku nyutironi ndi mosemphanitsa. Kumachitika pamene phata ndi neutrons zambiri kapena mapulotoni mmodzi wa iwo anatembenukira kwa ena.

Beta kuwola zingachitike mu imodzi mwa njira ziwiri:

1. Pamene beta-opanda mano, nthawi zina analembedwa β ^- kuwola, nyutironi unagawanika mu purotoni ndi elekitironi antineutrino.
2. mogwirizana ofooka akuwonetseredwa ndi oipa a mtima atomiki, nthawi zina analembedwa β ⁺ kuwola, pamene purotoni ndi unagawanika mu nyutironi ndi positron neutrino.

Mbali angapatutse mu zina, pamene wina wa nyutironi ake zokha lidzasinthidwa purotoni ndi kudzera beta kuwola zoipa, kapena pamene wina wa mapulotoni ake zokha lidzasinthidwa nyutironi kudzera β ⁺ kuwonongeka.

Kawiri beta kuwola kumachitika pamene munthu pachimake 2 nthawi yomweyo lidzasinthidwa purotoni nyutironi 2 kapena mosinthanitsa, limene panamveka elekitironi antineutrinos 2 2 ndi beta particles. Mu Wonenedwa Neutrinoless awiri beta kuvunda kwa neutrinos anapanga.

elekitironi adani

Purotoni kungayambitse nyutironi kudzera njira yotchedwa elekitironi adani kapena K-adani. Pamene ngale ali nambala owonjezera mapulotoni poyerekezera ndi chiwerengero cha neutrons, ma elekitironi, zambiri kuchokera mkati mwa chigoba elekitironi ngati kugwa mu phata la. Elekitironi orbitals analanda mayi phata, mankhwala amene ali mwana phata ndi neutrino. Nambala atomiki wa mwana wamkazi phata kupeza decremented ndi 1, koma chiwerengero cha mapulotoni neutrons akanali yemweyo.

nyukiliya anachita

mogwirizana ofooka nawo maphatikizidwe nyukiliya - zimene amene amapereka mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi nyukiliya (haidrojeni) bomba.

Chinthu choyamba mu pophatikizana a haidrojini ndi kugunda kwa mapulotoni awiri ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuthetsa repulsion mwagwirizana maganizo iwo chifukwa mogwirizana awo mu atomu.

Ngati particles awiri imakonzedwa pafupi wina ndi mnzake, ndi mogwirizana amphamvu mwina kusonkhana iwo. Izi amalenga wosakhazikika mawonekedwe helium ^(2), amene ali ndi pakati ndi mapulotoni awiri, mosiyana ndi khola mawonekedwe (No ^4), amene ali mapulotoni awiri ndi neutrons awiri.

Mu siteji yotsatira amabwera mu mogwirizana kusewera ofooka. Chifukwa cha overabundance wa mapulotoni mmodzi wa iwo amaloŵamo beta kuwonongeka. Pambuyo pake, zimene ena, kuphatikizapo wapakatikati mapangidwe ndi maphatikizidwe wa ³ Kenako kupanga khola ^4.