Ndi arboretums ndi minda botanical Kodi

Ife kawirikawiri kukaona paki kumasuka, kuthawa amangokhala ali pikitipikiti ndi kumiza nokha mu chikhalidwe bata ndi mtendere. Koma iwo akhoza analenga osati kwa zosangalatsa komanso Mwachitsanzo, ndi zofunika kafukufuku. Parks ndi zosiyanasiyana mitundu, monga mbiriyakale, Zoological, ichi ndi chikumbukiro, koma m'nkhani ino tikambirana za arboretum ndi botanical minda. Tiyeni tione cholinga chawo ndi mbiri.

Arboretums: Tanthauzo

"Arboretum" njira Greek "mtengo". Latin dzina kuti kumveka ngati "arboretum". Arboretum - woyendera nthambi ya arboretum, amene anafuna zosangalatsa anthu. m'dera akudikira kulima zake lotseguka zomera pansi zake, amene anayikidwa pa malo ena, monga kukongoletsa ndi madera. Iwo ananena kuti ambiri a arboretum ndi minda botanical, koma pangakhale mayunitsi palokha. Arboretum anayamba kuoneka mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha munda wa zomera monga dendrology.

Taonani arboretum ndi kusonkhanitsa kwambiri osiyanasiyana a mitengo: Sochi, Nkhalango Engineering Academy ku St. Petersburg, komanso Main Botanical Garden Ras (Moscow). Lina ndi zitsanzo m'mapaki: arboretum Kornik mu Poland, ndi arboretum pa Kew (pafupi London), ndi arboretum wa Nikitsky Botanical Garden mu Crimea. Arboretum mwina ndi cholinga yopapatiza, ndiyo yekha ena mitundu ya zomera kukhala wamkulu mwa iwo. Zimenezi zingakhale siringarii (amakhazikika mu kukula ndi Lilac) populetumy (popula) kapena koniferetumy Pinar (coniferous) frutitsetumy (zitsamba) vititsetumy (creeper).

Pali lamulo wamba arboreta onse: onse mitengo ndi zitsamba ili pa maziko mwadongosolo. Kuti anthu amene ali ndi mtundu womwewo, adzakhala anabzala pa malo osiyana. Akapita Arboretum, mukhoza timudziwe bwino dziko zodabwitsa za zomera, pangozi kapena salinso za m'chilengedwe.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Mtengo mu dziko chomera wakhala wotanganidwa kwambiri, kuyambira mu mbiri ya anthu kwathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu. M'zaka za m'ma 18 ntchito dendrology, koma chabe kusonyeza za zizindikiro kunja zomera. Kenako, asayansi anayamba kulimbana ndi mavuto monga acclimatization mitengo kuphunzira chibadwa chawo, komanso chilengedwe cha zamoyo zina. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa oyamba - kumayambiriro mbewu m'madera amene si achilendo kwa malo awo.

Ntchito anakumana ndi mabungwe awa

Arboretums ndi botanical minda ndi mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi m'mayiko a m'madera mwapadera kutetezedwa. Iwo ndi gulu osiyana malo otetezedwa, momwe muli mbewu zopereka wapadera kuti akatidzadza ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, iwo ayenera kuchita chiphunzitso, kafukufuku ndi zinthu pakufalitsa. Mu mabungwe awa zachilengedwe kukhala zapansi sayansi ya zomangamanga malo, horticulture yokongola, kulima, kumayambiriro zomera zakutchire mu chikhalidwe, kuwateteza ku tizirombo ndi matenda, ndi zina zambiri.

The boma malamulo a arboretums ndi minda botanical

Tiyeni tione amene ankalamulira m'madera amenewa. Dziko limene pali botanical minda ndi arboretums ndi anasamutsidwa chigulitsire ku mabungwe ena. Mwa nyumba anawagawa m'madera osiyana zinchito: kufotokoza nkhani za sayansi, experimental ndi boma.

Natural zipilala, arboretums, botanical minda ndi yapadera malamulo boma. Unkakhazikitsidwa ndi zochita za boma Russian ndi matupi wamkulu Akuluakulu a ku Russia pa maganizodwe a matupi ovomerezeka boma dera la zoteteza chilengedwe.

Amene mukugwira nawo ziwembu dziko, amene zipilala za chilengedwe, ndi kuti akuyenera kugwira ntchito zomwe kuonetsetsa ulamuliro wa chitetezo chapadera. botanical minda ndi arboretums onse ali paudindo dera ndi boma. M'madera awo ndikoletsedwa zomwe si zogwirizana ntchito za ntchito yawo ndi akhoza kuswa umphumphu wa zinthu zamaluwa.

Chitsanzo cha wotchuka Arboretum ku Russia

Dendrological, botanical m'mapaki ndi minda kufalitsa padziko lonse. Ambiri a iwo mu Russia. Chitsanzo chabwino ngati paki angatchedwe Sochi Arboretum, omwe ali mbali ya Sochi National Park. Iye, ngati zinthu zina zofanana, amachita ngati mdindo wa Green Collection. Ili mu mtima wa achisangalalo, monga m'dera zazikulu za nyama ndi zomera zosowa. Pali oposa 1,700 mitundu ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, omwe anasonkhana m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko.

Sochi Arboretum ndi nyumba yake kamangidwe, ziboliboli ndi akasupe zikuwoneka ngati ntchito yaluso. Anaonekera pa achisangalalo kum'mwera kwa zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, mu 50s Mu zaka zapitazo wakhala ankamangidwanso. Panopa paki anabzala oposa 2 zikwi mitundu oimira zomera dziko. Iwo kalekale analowa mu pulogalamu ulendo ambiri a alendo. Ndi ufumu otentha chidwi ndi mitundu ya zomera zosowa kuti pachimake ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira. Osati kutali, m'chigawo Adler, komanso inali arboretum "chikhalidwe Kumwera".

Kodi botanical?

Malinga ndi tanthawuzo, amene anapereka botanical a padziko lapansi Botanic Gardens, ndi bungwe limene zalembedwa kusonkhanitsa zomera wamoyo, amene ntchito ndi cholinga cha kufufuza, komanso njira yophunzitsa, pakuleka ndi zitsanzo zomera anapereka m'menemo. Other tanthauzo limanena kuti botanical munda - dera wobiriwira, analenga zolinga tatchulazi. Kuti pali kusiyana mu kutanthauzira kwa lingaliro ili ndi chokha chakuti iwo akutchedwa gawo kapena bungwe.

Mu ulaliki masiku ano akuti imeneyi inaperekedwa mwapadera kutetezedwa m'tawuni malo, potengera zinthu zimene ziri landscaped minda, zobiriwira zalembedwa deta. Pa minda botanical zambiri ntchito greenhouses, nurseries, herbaria, kukawona ndi madipatimenti maphunziro.

Mndandanda wa Main Botanical Garden, limene lili mu Moscow, pali mitundu ya zomera ku mayiko a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuti si nthawi yomweyo amatha azolowere nyengo zachilendo kwa iwo.

Pamene koyamba Botanical Garden?

Woyamba botanical munda analengedwa m'zaka XIV mu mzinda ku Italy Salerno, umene unali wotchuka mu Ages Middle, Europe lakale zachipatala sukulu. Mmodzi mwa madokotala otchuka anali ndiye Matthaeus Silvaticus, amenenso anali katswiri. Masiku amenewo, ndiwo mankhwala anali zomera zosiyanasiyana.

Munthu uyu woyamba anatulukira botanical: ndi ophunzira m'tsogolo akanati adzakhale dokotala, kuti dziŵani okha ndi zomera mankhwala. Dzinali iye anapatsidwa ulemu wa wachikazi wa Roma wa nzeru - "Munda wa Minerva". Iye wakhala pamalo anayamba kukula zomera zolinga sayansi. minda Kenako anayala kwa Italy, ndipo pomwepo adawonekeranso m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Poyamba anali lathu mankhwala, kenako adayamba kulengedwa, ndi zolinga zina.

Ntchito ya minda botanical

Mu dziko lathu, woyamba botanical munda anaonekera pansi Peter ine, mwachitsanzo, mu 1706. Iwo unalengedwa kukula zomera mankhwala mmenemo, ndi dzina monenetsa okha cholinga chake - "mankhwala Garden". Koma pamene iye anali kuchita ndi ntchito yophunzitsa. Ndiyeno mfumuyo munda ku larch, Oil ndi spruce, kuti alendo kuona bwino lomwe kusiyana pakati pawo.

botanical minda ndiotetezedwa malo achilengedwe ndi mabungwe sayansi. m'dera lawo lagawidwa m'magulu kuti afanane mabacteria ena nyengo. Zomera amene simungathe kulikonza pansi kutchire, kumanga wowonjezera kutentha, kumene zinthu zabwino analenga. Monga mabungwe maphunziro, minda botanical kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi: chomera kuphunzira ndi kuteteza mitundu osowa. Pamene mabungwe awa herbarium zopereka za laibulale ya mabuku pa zomera, pali kukawona m'madipatimenti.

China ndi yaikulu botanical munda, mmene m'gawo limene ndi zodabwitsa. Iwo anawoloka ndi 13 mitsinje, pali mapiri ndi ku zigwa. Mu Nikita Botanical Gardens, limene lili pa chilumba cha Crimea, kukula mtengo wa maolivi, amene m'badwo zaka zoposa 2000. Koma kwambiri lalikulu botanical m'munda Europe ndi waukulu botanical munda wotchedwa N. V. Tsitsina Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). Mfundo kumpoto mu dziko kumene pali chinthu - ndi Norway. Mu dziko lathu ndi ili pa Kola Peninsula.

Pomaliza

Malinga ndi zomwe pano, kumakhaladi maofesi kunandithandiza zofunika monga arboretums ndi botanical minda. Iwo amanyamula kwambiri mbali ndi kuganizira kukongola zonse za zomera za padziko lathuli. M'madera amenewa, zopangidwa, mu malo amodzi mukhoza kuwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera anasonkhana padziko lonse.