Ndi phunziro Russia wakale chiyani? Lingaliro la "phunziro" M'nthawi Lazaro

ndi phunziro Russia wakale chiyani? Mfundo imeneyi ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi dzina la Olga (linalake 920 -. 969) - mkazi wa Kalonga wa Kiev Igor, amene anaphedwa mu Iskorosten Drevlyane.

Kiev Prince Igor Ruricovich

Kuti mumalozana mfundo zonse za "maphunziro" mu Russia wakale, kuyamba kuganizira nkhani ya chiyambi, kuyambira pachiyambi, ndiye imfa ya Prince Igor. Iye anali pa mpando pambuyo pa imfa ya Varangian Olega Veschego. Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti kalonga sangosonyeza. Maulendo angapo Byzantium inatha anavutika. Kuwonjezera kutalikitsa pangano malonda ndi Agiriki, kale yolembedwa ndi Oleg mu 911 ntchito wolamulira unremarkable. Amene angakwanitse yekha Zomwe zinachitika mochititsa manyazi imfa.

Igor kuchita zingaoneke zachilendo. Amakhala chakuti, m'mene adamaliza zosonkhanitsira pachaka msonkho m'dziko la anthu ake Drevlyane retainers ake amakhala wosasangalala ndi kukula kwake. Ndiyeno kalonga anabwerera ku likulu la Drevlyane Iskorosten (Korosten) kuti adzathe kulanda. A anthu kuyambiranso wa kumupha.

Mfumukazi Olga - mkazi woyamba pa mpandowachifumu

Mphamvu anasamutsa kwa wamasiye kalonga. M'dziko lolamulidwa ndi asilikali, mayi wosauka kuti atsimikizire kwa anthu ake ndi adani kuti akhoza kukhala wolingana ndi mwamuna wake. Imayamba ndi kubwezera. Macitidwe amatchula 4 kanthu, m'gulu la nkhani ya ulamuliro wake.

masamu wapadera Drevlianys kugwirizana ndi maliro mwambo. Latest chiwawa pa Drevlyane kuwononga likulu lawo. Chifukwa nkhondo ndi Iskorosten ndi mwana wake Svyatoslav anatsogolera detachment lalikulu, mwana wamkazi wa mfumu anatentha mudzi matabwa.

Otchedwa "maphunziro" mu Russia wakale? Pambuyo yimitsira wa Drevlyane Olga anayamba kuyesetsa kuthetsa mavuto a kupanduka ndi kuperewera kwa andale, phindu ndipo analandira lingaliro kuti wafika nthawi yathu.

Kupeza ndalama ndi ndale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ku Lazaro

Mpaka ulamuliro wa Kievan Lazaro Duchess anakhalabe Varangian kutumikiridwa. Olamulira Rurik kupanga maulendo yaitali, anamanga mpanda wolimba. Mabuku akale zikuonekeratu kuti Scandinavia analibe statehood awo ndipo sakanatha chochitika ichi kwa Russia. Iwo zikukangalika osauka ndi njira mtsinje malonda, komanso mbadwa kwa anthu otchuka m'deralo.

Ndi kumayambiriro mayunitsi malonda madzi akuyamba kukula kwa mizinda zomangamanga kumeneko. Iyo inali kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko ubale komanso umoyo ndi zachuma dongosolo linalake. Mphamvu kalelo anali wopanga malamulo ndi kulinganiza za chuma. Akalonga kulamulira waterway lapansi. Anapanga boma wotchedwa Kievan Lazaro.

Kuyesa kulamulira ndi centralization: ndipo limatanthauza kuti "maphunziro" M'nthawi Lazaro

Nascent osankhika ndalama ankalandira kuzindikira zofuna zawo kuti akagwire Byzantium, Lolembetsa msonkho mafuko nkhondo Novgorod: 300 hryvnia pa chaka cha dziko. Polyude anafotokoza mu mabuku, mwachitsanzo mndandanda wa msonkho kalonga wa Kiev ndalama ndi katundu chachibadwidwe, kutha-anagubuduza katundu anasonkhana. Court m'chaka ndi msonkho Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov ndi ena. Anasonkhana Kiev. Ndipo mu June zombo ndi katundu anapita Constantinople. Zimenezi zikusonyezedwa ndi mapangano akale ndi Byzantium, kumene ambiri a nkhani zoyenera lamulo malamulo a malonda.

Kalonga ndi retinue yake Udindo chimamanga Asilavo m'mayiko mafuko. Iwo akhali anyakukhomesa msonkho ndi bailiffs. The brigade analandira ndalama kudzera zosonkhanitsira munthu wa msonkho, mbali ya ntchito ndi pa nkhondo. Anthu anali kupereka iwo pa ntchito udindo wawo. Mu Russia wakale zachitika wapadera ulamuliro limagwirira: nefeodalno-m'manja ubwenzi mtundu. Zambiri za anthu - mmudzi (ufulu wamba), ena mbali - ndi kumuwombera. Chifukwa chosowa yokhudza malo, kalonga analandira chimaposa cha anthu, kuti ndi msonkho.

Misonkho IX-X zaka

Chaka chilichonse, kuchokera November kuti April Kalonga retinue kulandira ndalama m'njira 2:

• tinker - yobereka mokakamizidwa ku khoti Kalonga wa ulimi ndi ntchito zamanja;
• polyude - kupatutsidwa kwa msewu ankhondo m'mayiko ndi kutolera ndalama, chakudya, katundu.

mapulogalamu msonkho asangalatsi anali adani wamng'ono.

Dongosolo misonkho anali mwachindunji ndi sanalembemo malamulo omveka bwino ndi dongosolo. Misonkho anali osasamba, ndi zina owonjezera imene inachititsa kusakhutira ndi kupanduka. Basi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi, nthawi yoyamba pali ndondomeko analamula kufotokoza kuti phunziro ku Russia wakale.

Panali zambiri za misonkho mozungulira mu mawonekedwe a chindapusa malonda ndi ndalama khoti:

• strangles mlandu zoyendera katundu kudutsa phiri malire ndi madzi;
• kulemera ndi muyeso - motero kuti masekeli ndi muyeso wa katundu;
• malonda anamutengera kwa amalonda m'misika;
• Kukhala anditchaja masitolo chipangizo;
• Vira - chilango cha kupha kapolo.

Kusintha kwa Mfumukazi Olga

imfa Igor ndi amakankhira Olga pa mwambo woyamba wa dziko. Mwalowa manda ndi maphunziro. Russia lakale kunayamba ntchito zachuma. Pamaso cholinga chake chachikulu wakhala mosavuta boma mfundo kuwagonjetsa, osati kasamalidwe mkati. "Zimene" phindu Lazaro wakale, tanthauzo wawo ndi kufunika kwa dziko mwatsatanetsatane m'buku la zochitika za m'masiku a Nestor. Olga sanali adzafunkha dziko ndi opareshoni flexibly, "amachokera ku Volga retinue, udzatha ustavlyayuschi ndi maphunziro." kusintha ake anali mtendere.

Mfumukazi anawatengera pa lidzasintha:

• atakhala kukula kwa msonkho wa;
• danschikov cholinga - amene ali ndi udindo pa mndandanda wa msonkho;
• tanthauzo la mfundo Buku - malo apadera chindapusa.

Maphunziro ndi manda mu Russia wakale

Kuti tanthauzo phunziro mu Russia wakale, m'pofunika kufufuza Article 8 la masiku Tax Code. Ndipotu, kusintha uku kunali kuyesa koyamba kwa autocracy ndi lamulo. Luso chofunika zinthu zatsopano ndi ubwenzi. Udzatha ndi maphunziro ndi kovuta maudindo ndi malamulo buku la kasamalidwe ka mphamvu. Misasa ndi manda umboni woyeza malire ndi gawo la anthu udindo, komanso msonkho anali pamodzi yozizira, anafunikira malo otentha ndi posungira. Distance manda chofunika ulamuliro pansi. Choncho, mndandanda wa miyeso Atengedwa kwa makonzedwe mtendere chuma mkati.

Choyamba, mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ali anagawa m'dziko townships, malo amene anapanga manda - lalikulu kugula mudzi, ataima pa gombe la mitsinje.

Choncho maphunziro mu Russia wakale chiyani? Tanthauzo zapatsidwa mu "Russian Choonadi" kutanthauza zofunika akuluakulu a boma Tiuna. Anasonkhanitsa msonkho mafuko ndi anthu opereka chilungamo. Kawirikawiri choonadi udzakhazikitsidwe kudzera mboni. Ngati sizichitika Tiunov anayamba clairvoyants zachikunja. Amafa wakali chabwino, ndi vuto la kusamvera m'boma anaitanidwa kuthandiza asilikali. Mphamvu wapamwamba akuupereka mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi pamene iye akanakhoza mwadzidzidzi ndi kuyenderako, ndipo phiri anali wolakwa kapena aulesi Tiuna.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "phunziro"

Tanthauzo la "maphunziro" mu Russia wakale ali tanthauzo la mgwirizano, kugula ubwenzi ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. The etymology akuti adzakuthandizani kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane chimene chiri. Mawu amatenga mu chinenero Proto-Asilavo ndi wochokera limodzi pali "mawu / resch" pamene chinenero unapangidwa chilengedwe yachikunja, ndi mu ndondomeko ya zochita mwambo. Mawu "Mtsinje" akufotokoza zinthu zina ndi kugwirizana ndi ufiti, ndipo kenako ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity, Mulungu ndi malamulo okhazikika m'dziko.

Russian akuti "urochit" pafupi zomveka "kunenera" n'zomveka "kutilodza, kuika" phunziro - ". Matsenga ndi mawu" Mothandizidwa ndi wodetsedwa ali phokoso angapo lachokera ku "mtsinje" Rock, kumapeputsa, Mneneri, kunyozedwa, narekat, lonjezo phunziro. Kenako "phunziro" zimatengera pa njira inanso konkire ndipo kumatanthauza "ulamuliro, msonkho kapena malipiro." Kenako, phindu itsekeke pang'ono ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira: "chinachake omangirira," kumene tili osakaniza "kusukulu", "chiphunzitso ola".

Kodi phunziro mu Russia wakale: Pomaliza

Chitukuko cha latsopano asapita chofunika ndalama zochokera phunziro - amodzi kuchuluka kwa msonkho. Mobwerezabwereza chopereka kuchokera samalipira sanali zotheka dongosolo ili. Kusintha alimbikitsa boma ndachititsa bungwe amphamvu a misonkho, anatsimikiza malire utsogoleri, kukodzedwa utsogoleri zida. womwe ndi boma umwini ndi revenues anali limasonyeza.
Olga zimayesetsa mfundo zoweta osati mwauzimu anakula ndikukhazikitsa malamulo yachilendo. Popeza Chikristu, kukhala wolamulira achikunja a boma, zimapangitsa kuchita chachiwiri - zauzimu. Iwo anapereka dziko mawonekedwe onse-mitundu, amene Pamlingo waukulu chinathandiza chitukuko cha phunziro. Orthodoxy in Ancient Lazaro napezanso mphamvu ndi kudziletsa kuzindikira.